Question # 1
| The incident management process of an organization enables them to prepare for and
respond to information security incidents. In addition, the organization has procedures in
place for assessing information security events. According to ISO/IEC 27001, what else
must an incident management process include? | | A. Processes for using knowledge gained from information security incidents
| | B. Establishment of two information security incident response teams
| | C. Processes for handling information security incidents of suppliers as defined in their
agreements |
A. Processes for using knowledge gained from information security incidents
Explanation: According to ISO/IEC 27001, an incident management process must include
processes for using knowledge gained from information security incidents to reduce the
likelihood or impact of future incidents, and to improve the overall level of information
security. This means that the organization should conduct a root cause analysis of the
incidents, identify the lessons learned, and implement corrective actions to prevent
recurrence or mitigate consequences. The organization should also document and
communicate the results of the incident management process to relevant stakeholders, and
update the risk assessment and treatment plan accordingly. (Must be taken from ISO/IEC
27001 : 2022 Lead Implementer resources)
Question # 2
Scenario 4: TradeB. a commercial bank that has just entered the market, accepts deposits
from its clients and offers basic financial services and loans for investments. TradeB has
decided to implement an information security management system (ISMS) based on
ISO/IEC 27001 Having no experience of a management [^system implementation,
TradeB's top management contracted two experts to direct and manage the ISMS
implementation project.
First, the project team analyzed the 93 controls of ISO/IEC 27001 Annex A and listed only
the security controls deemed applicable to the company and their objectives Based on this
analysis, they drafted the Statement of Applicability. Afterward, they conducted a risk
assessment, during which they identified assets, such as hardware, software, and
networks, as well as threats and vulnerabilities, assessed potential consequences and
likelihood, and determined the level of risks based on three nonnumerical categories (low,
medium, and high). They evaluated the risks based on the risk evaluation criteria and
decided to treat only the high risk category They also decided to focus primarily on the
unauthorized use of administrator rights and system interruptions due to several hardware
failures by establishing a new version of the access control policy, implementing controls to
manage and control user access, and implementing a control for ICT readiness for
business continuity.
Lastly, they drafted a risk assessment report, in which they wrote that if after the
implementation of these security controls the level of risk is below the acceptable level, the
risks will be accepted.
Based on scenario 4, the fact that TradeB defined the level of risk based on three
nonnumerical categories indicates that; | | A. The level of risk will be evaluated against qualitative criteria
| | B. The level of risk will be defined using a formula
| | C. The level of risk will be evaluated using quantitative analysis |
A. The level of risk will be evaluated against qualitative criteria
Explanation: Qualitative risk assessment is a method of evaluating risks based on
nonnumerical categories, such as low, medium, and high. It is often used when there is not
enough data or resources to perform a quantitative risk assessment, which involves
numerical values and calculations. Qualitative risk assessment relies on the subjective
judgment and experience of the risk assessors, and it can be influenced by various factors,
such as the context, the stakeholders, and the criteria. According to ISO/IEC 27001:2022,
Annex A, control A.8.2.1 states: “The organization shall define and apply an information
security risk assessment process that: … d) identifies the risk owners; e) analyses the
risks: i) assesses the consequences that would result if the risks identified were to
materialize; ii) assesses the realistic likelihood of the occurrence of the risks; f) identifies
and evaluates options for the treatment of risks; g) determines the levels of residual risk
and whether these are acceptable; and h) identifies the risk owners for the residual risks.”
Therefore, TradeB’s decision to define the level of risk based on three nonnumerical
categories indicates that they used a qualitative risk assessment process.
Question # 3
Scenario 4: TradeB. a commercial bank that has just entered the market, accepts deposits
from its clients and offers basic financial services and loans for investments. TradeB has
decided to implement an information security management system (ISMS) based on
ISO/IEC 27001 Having no experience of a management [^system implementation,
TradeB's top management contracted two experts to direct and manage the ISMS
implementation project.
First, the project team analyzed the 93 controls of ISO/IEC 27001 Annex A and listed only
the security controls deemed applicable to the company and their objectives Based on this
analysis, they drafted the Statement of Applicability. Afterward, they conducted a risk
assessment, during which they identified assets, such as hardware, software, and
networks, as well as threats and vulnerabilities, assessed potential consequences and
likelihood, and determined the level of risks based on three nonnumerical categories (low,
medium, and high). They evaluated the risks based on the risk evaluation criteria and
decided to treat only the high risk category They also decided to focus primarily on the
unauthorized use of administrator rights and system interruptions due to several hardware
failures by establishing a new version of the access control policy, implementing controls to
manage and control user access, and implementing a control for ICT readiness for
business continuity Lastly, they drafted a risk assessment report, in which they wrote that if after the
implementation of these security controls the level of risk is below the acceptable level, the
risks will be accepted
Based on the scenario above, answer the following question:
The decision to treat only risks that were classified as high indicates that Trade B has: | | A. Evaluated other risk categories based on risk treatment criteria | | B. Accepted other risk categories based on risk acceptance criteria | | C. Modified other risk categories based on risk evaluation criteria |
B. Accepted other risk categories based on risk acceptance criteria
Explanation: According to ISO/IEC 27001 : 2022, risk acceptance criteria are the criteria
used to decide whether a risk can be accepted or not1. Risk acceptance criteria are often
based on a maximum level of acceptable risks, on cost-benefits considerations, or on
consequences for the organization2. In the scenario, TradeB decided to treat only the high
risk category, which implies that.
Question # 4
| Diana works as a customer service representative for a large e-commerce company. One
day, she accidently modified the order details of a customer without their permission Due to
this error, the customer received an incorrect product. Which information security principle
was breached in this case? | | A. Availability | | B. Confidentiality | | C. Integrity |
C. Integrity
Explanation: According to ISO/IEC 27001:2022, information security controls are
measures that are implemented to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of
information assets1. Controls can be preventive, detective, or corrective, depending on
their purpose and nature2. Preventive controls aim to prevent or deter the occurrence of a
security incident or reduce its likelihood. Detective controls aim to detect or discover the
occurrence of a security incident or its symptoms. Corrective controls aim to correct or
restore the normal state of an asset or a process after a security incident or mitigate its
impact2.
In this scenario, Socket Inc. implemented several security controls to prevent information
security incidents from recurring, such as:
Segregation of networks: This is a preventive and technical control that involves
separating different parts of a network into smaller segments, using devices such
as routers, firewalls, or VPNs, to limit the access and communication between
them3. This can enhance the security and performance of the network, as well as
reduce the administrative efforts and costs3.
Privileged access rights: This is a preventive and administrative control that
involves granting access to information assets or systems only to authorized
personnel who have a legitimate need to access them, based on their roles and
responsibilities4. This can reduce the risk of unauthorized access, misuse, or
modification of information assets or systems4.
Cryptographic controls: This is a preventive and technical control that involves the
use of cryptography, which is the science of protecting information by transforming
it into an unreadable format, to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity
of information assets or systems. This can prevent unauthorized access,
modification, or disclosure of information assets or systems.
Information security threat management: This is a preventive and administrative
control that involves the identification, analysis, and response to information
security threats, which are any incidents that could negatively affect the
confidentiality, integrity, or availability of information assets or systems. This can
help the organization to anticipate, prevent, or mitigate the impact of information
security threats.
Information security integration into project management: This is a preventive and
administrative control that involves the incorporation of information security
requirements and controls into the planning, execution, and closure of projects,
which are temporary endeavors undertaken to create a unique product, service, or
result. This can ensure that information security risks and opportunities are
identified and addressed throughout the project life cycle.
However, information backup is not a preventive control, but a corrective control.
Information backup is a corrective and technical control that involves the creation and
maintenance of copies of information assets or systems, using dedicated software and
utilities, to ensure that they can be recovered in case of data loss, corruption, accidental
deletion, or cyber incidents. This can help the organization to restore the normal state of
information assets or systems after a security incident or mitigate its impact. Therefore,
information backup does not prevent information security incidents from recurring, but
rather helps the organization to recover from them.
Question # 5
Scenario 7: InfoSec is a multinational corporation headquartered in Boston, MA, which
provides professional electronics, gaming, and entertainment services. After facing
numerous information security incidents, InfoSec has decided to establish teams and
implement measures to prevent potential incidents in the future.
Emma, Bob. and Anna were hired as the new members of InfoSec's information security
team, which consists of a security architecture team, an incident response team (IRT) and
a forensics team Emma's job is to create information security plans, policies, protocols, and
training to prepare InfoSec to respond to incidents effectively Emma and Bob would be fulltime
employees of InfoSec, whereas Anna was contracted as an external consultant.
Bob, a network expert, will deploy a screened subnet network architecture This architecture
will isolate the demilitarized zone (OMZ) to which hosted public services are attached and
InfoSec's publicly accessible resources from their private network Thus, InfoSec will be
able to block potential attackers from causing unwanted events inside the company's
network. Bob is also responsible for ensuring that a thorough evaluation of the nature of an
unexpected event is conducted, including the details on how the event happened and what
or whom it might affect.
Anna will create records of the data, reviews, analysis, and reports in order to keep
evidence for the purpose of disciplinary and legal action, and use them to prevent future
incidents. To do the work accordingly, she should be aware of the company's information
security incident management policy beforehand.
Among others, this policy specifies the type of records to be created, the place where they
should be kept, and the format and content that specific record types should have.
Based on scenario 7. InfoSec contracted Anna as an external consultant. Based on her
tasks, is this action compliant with ISO/IEC 27001° | | A. No, the skills of incident response or forensic analysis shall be developed internally | | B. Yes, forensic investigation may be conducted internally or by using external consultants | | C. Yes, organizations must use external consultants for forensic investigation, as required
by the standard |
B. Yes, forensic investigation may be conducted internally or by using external consultants
Explanation: According to ISO/IEC 27001:2022, clause 8.2.3, the organization shall
establish and maintain an incident response process that includes the following activities:
a) planning and preparing for incident response, including defining roles and
responsibilities, establishing communication channels, and providing training and
awareness;
b) detecting and reporting information security events and weaknesses;
c) assessing and deciding on information security incidents;
d) responding to information security incidents according to predefined
procedures;
e) learning from information security incidents, including identifying root causes,
taking corrective actions, and improving the incident response process;
f) collecting evidence, where applicable.
The standard does not specify whether the incident response process should be performed
internally or externally, as long as the organization ensures that the process is effective and
meets the information security objectives. Therefore, the organization may decide to use
external consultants for forensic investigation, as long as they comply with the
organization’s policies and procedures, and protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the information involved.
Question # 6
Scenario 9: OpenTech provides IT and communications services. It helps data
communication enterprises and network operators become multi-service providers During
an internal audit, its internal auditor, Tim, has identified nonconformities related to the
monitoring procedures He identified and evaluated several system Invulnerabilities.
Tim found out that user IDs for systems and services that process sensitive information
have been reused and the access control policy has not been followed After analyzing the
root causes of this nonconformity, the ISMS project manager developed a list of possible
actions to resolve the nonconformity. Then, the ISMS project manager analyzed the list and
selected the activities that would allow the elimination of the root cause and the prevention
of a similar situation in the future. These activities were included in an action plan The
action plan, approved by the top management, was written as follows:
A new version of the access control policy will be established and new restrictions will be
created to ensure that network access is effectively managed and monitored by the
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Department.
The approved action plan was implemented and all actions described in the plan were
documented.
Based on scenario 9, OpenTech has taken all the actions needed, except____________. | | A. Corrective actions
| | B. Preventive actions
| | C. Permanent corrections |
B. Preventive actions
Explanation: According to ISO/IEC 27001:2022, clause 10.1, corrective actions are
actions taken to eliminate the root causes of nonconformities and prevent their recurrence,
while preventive actions are actions taken to eliminate the root causes of potential
nonconformities and prevent their occurrence. In scenario 9, OpenTech has taken
corrective actions to address the nonconformity related to the monitoring procedures, but
not preventive actions to avoid similar nonconformities in the future. For example,
OpenTech could have taken preventive actions such as conducting regular reviews of the
access control policy, providing training and awareness to the staff on the policy, or
implementing automated controls to prevent user ID reuse.
Question # 7
| The IT Department of a financial institution decided to implement preventive controls to
avoid potential security breaches. Therefore, they separated the development, testing, and
operating equipment, secured their offices, and used cryptographic keys. However, they
are seeking further measures to enhance their security and minimize the risk of security
breaches. Which of the following controls would help the IT Department achieve this
objective? | | A. Alarms to detect risks related to heat, smoke, fire, or water
| | B. Change all passwords of all systems
| | C. An access control software to restrict access to sensitive files |
C. An access control software to restrict access to sensitive files
Explanation: An access control software is a type of preventive control that is designed to
limit the access to sensitive files and information based on the user’s identity, role, or
authorization level. An access control software helps to protect the confidentiality, integrity,
and availability of the information by preventing unauthorized users from viewing,
modifying, or deleting it. An access control software also helps to create an audit trail that
records who accessed what information and when, which can be useful for accountability
and compliance purposes.
The IT Department of a financial institution decided to implement preventive controls to
avoid potential security breaches. Therefore, they separated the development, testing, and
operating equipment, secured their offices, and used cryptographic keys. However, they
are seeking further measures to enhance their security and minimize the risk of security
breaches. An access control software would help the IT Department achieve this objective
by adding another layer of protection to their sensitive files and information, and ensuring
that only authorized personnel can access them.
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