Question # 1
| You work for a gaming company that manages a popular online multiplayer game where teams with 6 players play against each other in 5-minute battles. There are many new players every day. You need to build a model that automatically assigns available players to teams in real time. User research indicates that the game is more enjoyable when battles have players with similar skill levels. Which business metrics should you track to measure your model’s performance? (Choose One Correct Answer) | | A. Average time players wait before being assigned to a team | | B. Precision and recall of assigning players to teams based on their predicted versus actual ability | | C. User engagement as measured by the number of battles played daily per user | | D. Rate of return as measured by additional revenue generated minus the cost of developing a new model |
C. User engagement as measured by the number of battles played daily per user
Explanation:
The best business metric to track to measure the model’s performance is user engagement as measured by the number of battles played daily per user. This metric reflects the main goal of the model, which is to enhance the user experience and satisfaction by creating balanced and fair battles. If the model is successful, it should increase the user retention and loyalty, as well as the word-of-mouth and referrals. This metric is also easy to measure and interpret, as it can be directly obtained from the user activity data.
The other options are not optimal for the following reasons:
A. Average time players wait before being assigned to a team is not a good metric, as it does not capture the quality or outcome of the battles. It only measures the efficiency of the model, which is not the primary objective. Moreover, this metric can be influenced by external factors, such as the availability and demand of players, the network latency, and the server capacity.
B. Precision and recall of assigning players to teams based on their predicted versus actual ability is not a good metric, as it is difficult to measure and interpret. It requires having a reliable and consistent way of estimating the player’s ability, which can be subjective and dynamic. It also requires having a ground truth label for each assignment, which can be costly and impractical to obtain. Moreover, this metric does not reflect the user feedback or satisfaction, which is the ultimate goal of the model.
D. Rate of return as measured by additional revenue generated minus the cost of developing a new model is not a good metric, as it is not directly related to the model’s performance. It measures the profitability of the model, which is a secondary objective. Moreover, this metric can be affected by many other factors, such as the market conditions, the pricing strategy, the marketing campaigns, and the competition.
References:
Professional ML Engineer Exam Guide
Preparing for Google Cloud Certification: Machine Learning Engineer Professional Certificate
Google Cloud launches machine learning engineer certification
How to measure user engagement
How to choose the right metrics for your machine learning model
Question # 2
| You lead a data science team at a large international corporation. Most of the models your team trains are large-scale models using high-level TensorFlow APIs on AI Platform with GPUs. Your team usually
takes a few weeks or months to iterate on a new version of a model. You were recently asked to review your team’s spending. How should you reduce your Google Cloud compute costs without impacting the model’s performance? | | A. Use AI Platform to run distributed training jobs with checkpoints. | | B. Use AI Platform to run distributed training jobs without checkpoints. | | C. Migrate to training with Kuberflow on Google Kubernetes Engine, and use preemptible VMs with checkpoints. | | D. Migrate to training with Kuberflow on Google Kubernetes Engine, and use preemptible VMs without checkpoints. |
C. Migrate to training with Kuberflow on Google Kubernetes Engine, and use preemptible VMs with checkpoints.
Explanation:
Option A is incorrect because using AI Platform to run distributed training jobs with checkpoints does not reduce the compute costs, but rather increases them by using more resources and storing the checkpoints.
Option B is incorrect because using AI Platform to run distributed training jobs without checkpoints may reduce the compute costs, but it also risks losing the progress of the training if the job fails or is interrupted.
Option C is correct because migrating to training with Kubeflow on Google Kubernetes Engine, and using preemptible VMs with checkpoints can reduce the compute costs significantly by using cheaper and more scalable resources, while also preserving the state of the training with checkpoints.
Option D is incorrect because using preemptible VMs without checkpoints may reduce the compute costs, but it also risks losing the training progress if the VMs are preempted.
References:
Kubeflow on Google Cloud
Using preemptible VMs and GPUs
Saving and loading models
Question # 3
| You are profiling the performance of your TensorFlow model training time and notice a performance issue caused by inefficiencies in the input data pipeline for a single 5 terabyte CSV file dataset on Cloud Storage. You need to optimize the input pipeline performance. Which action should you try first to increase the efficiency of your pipeline? | | A. Preprocess the input CSV file into a TFRecord file. | | B. Randomly select a 10 gigabyte subset of the data to train your model. | | C. Split into multiple CSV files and use a parallel interleave transformation. | | D. Set the reshuffle_each_iteration parameter to true in the tf.data.Dataset.shuffle method. |
A. Preprocess the input CSV file into a TFRecord file.
Explanation:
According to the web search results, the TFRecord format is a recommended way to store large amounts of data efficiently and improve the performance of the data input pipeline123. The TFRecord format is a binary format that can be compressed and serialized, which reduces the I/O overhead and the memory footprint of the data1. The tf.data API provides tools to create and read TFRecord files easily1.
The other options are not as effective as option A. Option B would reduce the amount of data available for training and might affect the model accuracy. Option C would still require reading from a single CSV file at a time, which might not utilize the full bandwidth of the remote storage. Option D would only affect the order of the data elements, not the speed of reading them.
Question # 4
| You work for a retail company. You have a managed tabular dataset in Vertex Al that contains sales data from three different stores. The dataset includes several features such as store name and sale timestamp. You want to use the data to train a model that makes sales predictions for a new store that will open soon You need to split the data between the training, validation, and test sets What approach should you use to split the data? | | A. Use Vertex Al manual split, using the store name feature to assign one store for each set. | | B. Use Vertex Al default data split. | | C. Use Vertex Al chronological split and specify the sales timestamp feature as the time vanable. | | D. Use Vertex Al random split assigning 70% of the rows to the training set, 10% to the validation set, and 20% to the test set. |
Explanation:
The best option for splitting the data between the training, validation, and test sets, using a managed tabular dataset in Vertex AI that contains sales data from three different stores, is to use Vertex AI default data split. This option allows you to leverage the power and simplicity of Vertex AI to automatically and randomly split your data into the three sets by percentage. Vertex AI is a unified platform for building and deploying machine learning solutions on Google Cloud. Vertex AI can support various types of models, such as linear regression, logistic regression, k-means clustering, matrix factorization, and deep neural networks. Vertex AI can also provide various tools and services for data analysis, model development, model deployment, model monitoring, and model governance. A default data split is a data split method that is provided by Vertex AI, and does not require any user input or configuration. A default data split can help you split your data into the training, validation, and test sets by using a random sampling method, and assign a fixed percentage of the data to each set.
A default data split can help you simplify the data split process, and works well in most cases. A training set is a subset of the data that is used to train the model, and adjust the model parameters. A training set can help you learn the relationship between the input features and the target variable, and optimize the model performance. A validation set is a subset of the data that is used to validate the model, and tune the model hyperparameters. A validation set can help you evaluate the model performance on unseen data, and avoid overfitting or underfitting. A test set is a subset of the data that is used to test the model, and provide the final evaluation metrics. A test set can help you assess the model performance on new data, and measure the generalization ability of the model. By using Vertex AI default data split, you can split your data into the training, validation, and test sets by using a random sampling method, and assign the following percentages of the data to each set1:
The other options are not as good as option B, for the following reasons:
Option A: Using Vertex AI manual split, using the store name feature to assign one store for each set would not allow you to split your data into representative and balanced sets, and could cause errors or poor performance. A manual split is a data split method that allows you to control how your data is split into sets, by using the ml_use label or the data filter expression. A manual split can help you customize the data split logic, and handle complex or non-standard data formats. A store name feature is a feature that indicates the name of the store where the sales data was collected. A store name feature can help you identify the source of the data, and group the data by store.
However, using Vertex AI manual split, using the store name feature to assign one store for each set would not allow you to split your data into representative and balanced sets, and could cause errors or poor performance. You would need to write code, create and configure the ml_use label or the data filter expression, and assign one store for each set. Moreover, this option would not ensure that the data in each set has the same distribution and characteristics as the data in the whole dataset, which could prevent you from learning the general pattern of the data, and cause bias or variance in the model2.
Option C: Using Vertex AI chronological split and specifying the sales timestamp feature as the time variable would not allow you to split your data into representative and balanced sets, and could cause errors or poor performance. A chronological split is a data split method that allows you to split your data into sets based on the order of the data. A chronological split can help you preserve the temporal dependency and sequence of the data, and avoid data leakage. A sales timestamp feature is a feature that indicates the date and time when the sales data was collected. A sales timestamp feature can help you track the changes and trends of the data over time, and capture the seasonality and cyclicality of the data.
However, using Vertex AI chronological split and specifying the sales timestamp feature as the time variable would not allow you to split your data into representative and balanced sets, and could cause errors or poor performance. You would need to write code, create and configure the time variable, and split the data by the order of the time variable. Moreover, this option would not ensure that the data in each set has the same distribution and characteristics as the data in the whole dataset, which could prevent you from learning the general pattern of the data, and cause bias or variance in the model3.
Option D: Using Vertex AI random split, assigning 70% of the rows to the training set, 10% to the validation set, and 20% to the test set would not allow you to use the default data split method that is provided by Vertex AI, and could increase the complexity and cost of the data split process. A random split is a data split method that allows you to split your data into sets by using a random sampling method, and assign a custom percentage of the data to each set. A random split can help you split your data into representative and balanced sets, and avoid data leakage.
However, using Vertex AI random split, assigning 70% of the rows to the training set, 10% to the validation set, and 20% to the test set would not allow you to use the default data split method that is provided by Vertex AI, and could increase the complexity and cost of the data split process. You would need to write code, create and configure the random split method, and assign the custom percentages to each set. Moreover, this option would not use the default data split method that is provided by Vertex AI, which can simplify the data split process, and works well in most cases1.
References:
About data splits for AutoML models | Vertex AI | Google Cloud
Manual split for unstructured data
Mathematical split
Question # 5
| You work for a magazine distributor and need to build a model that predicts which customers will renew their subscriptions for the upcoming year. Using your company’s historical data as your training set, you created a TensorFlow model and deployed it to AI Platform. You need to determine which customer attribute has the most predictive power for each prediction served by the model. What should you do? | | A. Use AI Platform notebooks to perform a Lasso regression analysis on your model, which will eliminate features that do not provide a strong signal. | | B. Stream prediction results to BigQuery. Use BigQuery’s CORR(X1, X2) function to calculate the Pearson correlation coefficient between each feature and the target variable. | | C. Use the AI Explanations feature on AI Platform. Submit each prediction request with the ‘explain’ keyword to retrieve feature attributions using the sampled Shapley method. | | D. Use the What-If tool in Google Cloud to determine how your model will perform when individual features are excluded. Rank the feature importance in order of those that caused the most significant performance drop when removed from the model. |
C. Use the AI Explanations feature on AI Platform. Submit each prediction request with the ‘explain’ keyword to retrieve feature attributions using the sampled Shapley method.
Explanation:
Option A is incorrect because using AI Platform notebooks to perform a Lasso regression analysis on your model, which will eliminate features that do not provide a strong signal, is not a suitable way to determine which customer attribute has the most predictive power for each prediction served by the model. Lasso regression is a method of feature selection that applies a penalty to the coefficients of the linear model, and shrinks them to zero for irrelevant features1. However, this method assumes that the model is linear and additive, which may not be the case for a TensorFlow model. Moreover, this method does not provide feature attributions for each prediction, but rather for the entire dataset.
Option B is incorrect because streaming prediction results to BigQuery, and using BigQuery’s CORR(X1, X2) function to calculate the Pearson correlation coefficient between each feature and the target variable, is not a valid way to determine which customer attribute has the most predictive power for each prediction served by the model. The Pearson correlation coefficient is a measure of the linear relationship between two variables, ranging from -1 to 12. However, this method does not account for the interactions between features or the non-linearity of the model. Moreover, this method does not provide feature attributions for each prediction, but rather for the entire dataset.
Option C is correct because using the AI Explanations feature on AI Platform, and submitting each prediction request with the ‘explain’ keyword to retrieve feature attributions using the sampled Shapley method, is the best way to determine which customer attribute has the most predictive power for each prediction served by the model. AI Explanations is a service that allows you to get feature attributions for your deployed models on AI Platform3. Feature attributions are values that indicate how much each feature contributed to the prediction for a given instance4. The sampled Shapley method is a technique that uses the Shapley value, a game-theoretic concept, to measure the contribution of each feature to the prediction5. By using AI Explanations, you can get feature attributions for each prediction request, and identify the most important features for each customer.
Option D is incorrect because using the What-If tool in Google Cloud to determine how your model will perform when individual features are excluded, and ranking the feature importance in order of those that caused the most significant performance drop when removed from the model, is not a practical way to determine which customer attribute has the most predictive power for each prediction served by the model. The What-If tool is a tool that allows you to visualize and analyze your ML models and datasets. However, this method requires manually editing or removing features for each instance, and observing the change in the prediction. This method is not scalable or efficient, and may not capture the interactions between features or the non-linearity of the model.
References:
Lasso regression
Pearson correlation coefficient
AI Explanations overview
Feature attributions
Sampled Shapley method
[What-If tool overview]
Question # 6
| You have been given a dataset with sales predictions based on your company’s marketing activities. The data is structured and stored in BigQuery, and has been carefully managed by a team of data analysts. You need to prepare a report providing insights into the predictive capabilities of the data. You were asked to run several ML models with different levels of sophistication, including simple models and multilayered neural networks. You only have a few hours to gather the results of your experiments. Which Google Cloud tools should you use to complete this task in the most efficient and self-serviced way? | | A. Use BigQuery ML to run several regression models, and analyze their performance. | | B. Read the data from BigQuery using Dataproc, and run several models using SparkML. | | C. Use Vertex AI Workbench user-managed notebooks with scikit-learn code for a variety of ML algorithms and performance metrics. | | D. Train a custom TensorFlow model with Vertex AI, reading the data from BigQuery featuring a variety of ML algorithms. |
A. Use BigQuery ML to run several regression models, and analyze their performance.
Explanation:
Option A is correct because using BigQuery ML to run several regression models, and analyze their performance is the most efficient and self-serviced way to complete the task. BigQuery ML is a service that allows you to create and use ML models within BigQuery using SQL queries1. You can use BigQuery ML to run different types of regression models, such as linear regression, logistic regression, or DNN regression2. You can also use BigQuery ML to analyze the performance of your models, such as the mean squared error, the accuracy, or the ROC curve3. BigQuery ML is fast, scalable, and easy to use, as it does not require any data movement, coding, or additional tools4.
Option B is incorrect because reading the data from BigQuery using Dataproc, and running several models using SparkML is not the most efficient and self-serviced way to complete the task. Dataproc is a service that allows you to create and manage clusters of virtual machines that run Apache Spark and other open-source tools5. SparkML is a library that provides ML algorithms and utilities for Spark. However, this option requires more effort and resources than option A, as it involves moving the data from BigQuery to Dataproc, creating and configuring the clusters, writing and running the SparkML code, and analyzing the results.
Option C is incorrect because using Vertex AI Workbench user-managed notebooks with scikit-learn code for a variety of ML algorithms and performance metrics is not the most efficient and self-serviced way to complete the task. Vertex AI Workbench is a service that allows you to create and use notebooks for ML development and experimentation. Scikit-learn is a library that provides ML algorithms and utilities for Python. However, this option also requires more effort and resources than option A, as it involves creating and managing the notebooks, writing and running the scikit-learn code, and analyzing the results.
Option D is incorrect because training a custom TensorFlow model with Vertex AI, reading the data from BigQuery featuring a variety of ML algorithms is not the most efficient and self-serviced way to complete the task. TensorFlow is a framework that allows you to create and train ML models using Python or other languages. Vertex AI is a service that allows you to train and deploy ML models using built-in algorithms or custom containers. However, this option also requires more effort and resources than option A, as it involves writing and running the TensorFlow code, creating and managing the training jobs, and analyzing the results.
References:
BigQuery ML overview
Creating a model in BigQuery ML
Evaluating a model in BigQuery ML
BigQuery ML benefits
Dataproc overview
[SparkML overview]
[Vertex AI Workbench overview]
[Scikit-learn overview]
[TensorFlow overview]
[Vertex AI overview]
Question # 7
You have trained a DNN regressor with TensorFlow to predict housing prices using a set of predictive features. Your default precision is tf.float64, and you use a standard TensorFlow estimator;
estimator = tf.estimator.DNNRegressor(
feature_columns=[YOUR_LIST_OF_FEATURES],
hidden_units-[1024, 512, 256],
dropout=None)
Your model performs well, but Just before deploying it to production, you discover that your current serving latency is 10ms @ 90 percentile and you currently serve on CPUs. Your production requirements expect a model latency of 8ms @ 90 percentile. You are willing to accept a small decrease in performance in order to reach the latency requirement Therefore your plan is to improve latency while evaluating how much the model's prediction decreases. What should you first try to quickly lower the serving latency?
| | A. Increase the dropout rate to 0.8 in_PREDICT mode by adjusting the TensorFlow Serving parameters | | B. Increase the dropout rate to 0.8 and retrain your model. | | C. Switch from CPU to GPU serving | | D. Apply quantization to your SavedModel by reducing the floating point precision to tf.float16. |
D. Apply quantization to your SavedModel by reducing the floating point precision to tf.float16.
Explanation:
Quantization is a technique that reduces the numerical precision of the weights and activations of a neural network, which can improve the inference speed and reduce the memory footprint of the model1.
Reducing the floating point precision from tf.float64 to tf.float16 can potentially halve the latency and memory usage of the model, while having minimal impact on the accuracy2.
Increasing the dropout rate to 0.8 in either mode would not affect the latency, but would likely degrade the performance of the model significantly, as dropout is a regularization technique that randomly drops out units during training to prevent overfitting3.
Switching from CPU to GPU serving may or may not improve the latency, depending on the hardware specifications and the model complexity, but it would also incur additional costs and complexity for deployment4
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