Question # 1
| A penetration tester is conducting reconnaissance for an upcoming assessment of a large corporate client. The client authorized spear phishing in the rules of engagement. Which of the following should the tester do first when developing the phishing campaign? | | A. Shoulder surfing
| | B. Recon-ng
| | C. Social media
| | D. Password dumps
|
C. Social media
Question # 2
| A penetration tester assesses a complex web application and wants to explore potential security weaknesses by searching for subdomains that might have existed in the past. Which of the following tools should the penetration tester use? | | A. Censys.io | | B. Shodan | | C. Wayback Machine | | D. SpiderFoot |
C. Wayback Machine
Question # 3
A penetration tester performs a service enumeration process and receives the following result after scanning a server using the Nmap tool:
PORT STATE SERVICE
22/tcp open ssh
25/tcp filtered smtp
111/tcp open rpcbind
2049/tcp open nfs
Based on the output, which of the following services provides the best target for launching an attack? | | A. Database | | B. Remote access
| | C. Email | | D. File sharing
|
D. File sharing
Question # 4
| During a security audit, a penetration tester wants to run a process to gather information about a target network's domain structure and associated IP addresses. Which of the following tools should the tester use? | | A. Dnsenum
| | B. Nmap | | C. Netcat | | D. Wireshark |
A. Dnsenum
Explanation:
Dnsenum is a tool specifically designed to gather information about DNS, including domain structure and associated IP addresses. Here’s why option A is correct:
Dnsenum: This tool is used for DNS enumeration and can gather information about a domain’s DNS records, subdomains, IP addresses, and other related information. It is highly effective for mapping out a target network’s domain structure.
Nmap: While a versatile network scanning tool, Nmap is more focused on port scanning and service detection rather than detailed DNS enumeration.
Netcat: This is a network utility for reading and writing data across network connections, not for DNS enumeration.
Wireshark: This is a network protocol analyzer used for capturing and analyzing network traffic but not specifically for gathering DNS information.
References from Pentest:
Anubis HTB: Shows the importance of using DNS enumeration tools like Dnsenum to gather detailed information about the target’s domain structure.
Forge HTB: Demonstrates the process of using specialized tools to collect DNS and IP information efficiently.
=================
Question # 5
| A penetration tester needs to launch an Nmap scan to find the state of the port for both TCP and UDP services. Which of the following commands should the tester use? | | A. nmap -sU -sW -p 1-65535 example.com | | B. nmap -sU -sY -p 1-65535 example.com | | C. nmap -sU -sT -p 1-65535 example.com | | D. nmap -sU -sN -p 1-65535 example.com |
C. nmap -sU -sT -p 1-65535 example.com
Question # 6
A tester runs an Nmap scan against a Windows server and receives the following results:
Nmap scan report for win_dns.local (10.0.0.5)
Host is up (0.014s latency)
Port State Service
53/tcp open domain
161/tcp open snmp
445/tcp open smb-ds
3389/tcp open rdp
Which of the following TCP ports should be prioritized for using hash-based relays? | | A. 53 | | B. 161 | | C. 445 | | D. 3389 |
C. 445
Explanation:
Port 445 is used for SMB (Server Message Block) services, which are commonly targeted for hash-based relay attacks like NTLM relay attacks.
Understanding Hash-Based Relays:
NTLM Relay Attack: An attacker intercepts and relays NTLM authentication requests to another service, effectively performing authentication on behalf of the victim.
SMB Protocol: Port 445 is used for SMB/CIFS traffic, which supports NTLM authentication.
Prioritizing Port 445:
Vulnerability: SMB is often targeted because it frequently supports NTLM authentication, making it susceptible to relay attacks.
Tools: Tools like Responder and NTLMRelayX are commonly used to capture and relay NTLM hashes over SMB.
Execution:
Capture Hash: Use a tool like Responder to capture NTLM hashes.
Relay Hash: Use a tool like NTLMRelayX to relay the captured hash to another service on port 445.
References from Pentesting Literature:
Penetration testing guides frequently discuss targeting SMB (port 445) for hash-based relay attacks.
HTB write-ups often include examples of NTLM relay attacks using port 445.
Step-by-Step ExplanationReferences:
Penetration Testing - A Hands-on Introduction to Hacking
HTB Official Writeups
=================
Question # 7
| During a penetration test, the tester gains full access to the application's source code. The application repository includes thousands of code files. Given that the assessment timeline is very short, which of the following approaches would allow the tester to identify hard-coded credentials most effectively?
| | A. Run TruffleHog against a local clone of the application | | B. Scan the live web application using Nikto
| | C. Perform a manual code review of the Git repository
| | D. Use SCA software to scan the application source code
|
A. Run TruffleHog against a local clone of the application
Explanation:
Given a short assessment timeline and the need to identify hard-coded credentials in a large codebase, using an automated tool designed for this specific purpose is the most effective approach. Here’s an explanation of each option:
Run TruffleHog against a local clone of the application (Answer: A):
Explanation: TruffleHog is a specialized tool that scans for hard-coded secrets such as passwords, API keys, and other sensitive data within the code repositories.
Effectiveness: It quickly and automatically identifies potential credentials and other sensitive information across thousands of files, making it the most efficient choice under time constraints.
References:
TruffleHog is widely recognized for its ability to uncover hidden secrets in code repositories, making it a valuable tool for penetration testers.
Scan the live web application using Nikto (Option B):
Explanation: Nikto is a web server scanner that identifies vulnerabilities in web applications.
Drawbacks: It is not designed to scan source code for hard-coded credentials. Instead, it focuses on web application vulnerabilities such as outdated software and misconfigurations.
Perform a manual code review of the Git repository (Option C):
Explanation: Manually reviewing code can be thorough but is extremely time-consuming, especially with thousands of files.
Drawbacks: Given the short timeline, this approach is impractical and inefficient for identifying hard-coded credentials quickly.
Use SCA software to scan the application source code (Option D):
Explanation: Software Composition Analysis (SCA) tools are used to analyze open source and third-party components within the code for vulnerabilities and license compliance.
Drawbacks: While SCA tools are useful for dependency analysis, they are not specifically tailored for finding hard-coded credentials.
Conclusion: Running TruffleHog against a local clone of the application is the most effective approach for quickly identifying hard-coded credentials in a large codebase within a limited timeframe.
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