Question # 1
A penetration tester has found a web application that is running on a cloud virtual machine instance. Vulnerability scans show a potential SSRF for the same application URL path with an injectable parameter. Which of the following commands should the tester run to successfully test for secrets exposure exploitability? | | A. curl
<url>?param=http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/ | | B. curl
'<url>?param=http://127.0.0.1/etc/passwd' | | C. curl
'<url>?param=<script>alert(1)<script>/' | | D. curl
<url>?param=http://127.0.0.1/ |
A. curl
<url>?param=http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/
In a cloud environment, testing for Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) vulnerabilities involves attempting to access metadata services. Here’s why the specified command is appropriate: Accessing Cloud Metadata Service: Comparison with Other Commands: Using curl <url>?param=http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/ is the correct approach to test for SSRF vulnerabilities in cloud environments to potentially expose secrets.
Question # 2
Given the following statements:
Implement a web application firewall.
Upgrade end-of-life operating systems.
Implement a secure software development life cycle.
In which of the following sections of a penetration test report would the above statements be found?
| A. Executive summary
| B. Attack narrative
| C. Detailed findings
| D. Recommendations
|
D. Recommendations
Explanation:
The given statements are actionable steps aimed at improving security. They fall under the recommendations section of a penetration test report. Here’s why option D is correct:
Recommendations: This section of the report provides specific actions that should be taken to mitigate identified vulnerabilities and improve the overall security posture. Implementing a WAF, upgrading operating systems, and implementing a secure SDLC are recommendations to enhance security.
Executive Summary:
This section provides a high-level overview of the findings and their implications, intended for executive stakeholders.
Attack Narrative: This section details the steps taken during the penetration test, describing the attack vectors and methods used.
Detailed Findings:
This section provides an in-depth analysis of each identified vulnerability, including evidence and technical details.
References from Pentest:
Forge HTB: The report's recommendations section suggests specific measures to address the identified issues, similar to the given statements.
Writeup HTB:
Highlights the importance of the recommendations section in providing actionable steps to improve security based on the findings from the assessment.
Conclusion:
Option D, recommendations, is the correct section where the given statements would be found in a penetration test report.
Question # 3
A penetration tester wants to create a malicious QR code to assist with a physical security assessment. Which of the following tools has the built-in functionality most likely needed for this task?
| A. BeEF
| B. John the Ripper
| C. ZAP
| D. Evilginx
|
A. BeEF
Explanation:
BeEF (Browser Exploitation Framework) is a penetration testing tool that focuses on web browsers. It has built-in functionality for generating malicious QR codes, which can be used to direct users to malicious websites, execute browser-based attacks, or gather information.
Understanding BeEF:
Purpose:
BeEF is designed to exploit vulnerabilities in web browsers and gather information from compromised browsers.
Features:
Includes tools for generating malicious payloads, QR codes, and social engineering techniques.
Creating Malicious QR Codes:
Functionality:
BeEF has a feature to generate QR codes that, when scanned, redirect the user to a malicious URL controlled by the attacker.
Command:
Generate a QR code that directs to a BeEF hook URL.
Step-by-Step Explanationbeef -x -qr
Usage in Physical Security Assessments:
Deployment:
Place QR codes in strategic locations to test whether individuals scan them and subsequently compromise their browsers.
Exploitation:
Once scanned, the QR code can lead to browser exploitation, information gathering, or other payload execution.
References from Pentesting Literature:
BeEF is commonly discussed in penetration testing guides for its browser exploitation capabilities.
HTB write-ups and social engineering exercises often mention the use of BeEF for creating malicious QR codes and exploiting browser vulnerabilities.
References:
Penetration Testing - A Hands-on Introduction to Hacking
HTB Official Writeups
Question # 4
Which of the following is a term used to describe a situation in which a penetration tester bypasses physical access controls and gains access to a facility by entering at the same time as an employee?
| A. Badge cloning
| B. Shoulder surfing
| C. Tailgating
| D. Site survey
|
C. Tailgating
Explanation:
Tailgating is the term used to describe a situation where a penetration tester bypasses physical access controls and gains access to a facility by entering at the same time as an employee.
Explanation:
Tailgating:
Definition: Tailgating occurs when an unauthorized person follows an authorized person into a restricted area without the latter’s consent or knowledge. The authorized person typically opens a door or checkpoint, and the unauthorized person slips in behind them.
Example: An attacker waits near the entrance of a building and enters right after an employee, bypassing security measures.
Physical Security:
Importance: Physical security is a crucial aspect of overall security posture. Tailgating exploits human factors and weaknesses in physical security controls.
Prevention: Security measures such as turnstiles, mantraps, and security personnel can help prevent tailgating.
Pentest References:
Physical Penetration Testing: Tailgating is a common technique used in physical penetration tests to assess the effectiveness of an organization’s physical security controls.
Social Engineering: Tailgating often involves social engineering, where the attacker relies on the politeness or unawareness of the employee to gain unauthorized access.
By understanding and using tailgating, penetration testers can evaluate the effectiveness of an organization’s physical security measures and identify potential vulnerabilities that could be exploited by malicious actors.
Question # 5
While conducting a peer review for a recent assessment, a penetration tester finds the debugging mode is still enabled for the production system. Which of the following is most likely responsible for this observation?
| A. Configuration changes were not reverted.
| B. A full backup restoration is required for the server.
| C. The penetration test was not completed on time.
| D. The penetration tester was locked out of the system.
|
A. Configuration changes were not reverted.
Explanation:
Debugging Mode:
Purpose: Debugging mode provides detailed error messages and debugging information, useful during development.
Risk: In a production environment, it exposes sensitive information and vulnerabilities, making the system more susceptible to attacks.
Common Causes:
Configuration Changes: During testing or penetration testing, configurations might be altered to facilitate debugging. If not reverted, these changes can leave the system in a vulnerable state.
Oversight: Configuration changes might be overlooked during deployment.
Best Practices:
Deployment Checklist: Ensure a checklist is followed that includes reverting any debug configurations before moving to production.
Configuration Management: Use configuration management tools to track and manage changes.
References from Pentesting Literature:
The importance of reverting configuration changes is highlighted in penetration testing guides to prevent leaving systems in a vulnerable state post-testing.
HTB write-ups often mention checking and ensuring debugging modes are disabled in production environments.
References:
Penetration Testing - A Hands-on Introduction to Hacking
HTB Official Writeups
Question # 6
| A penetration tester is conducting reconnaissance on a target network. The tester runs the following Nmap command: nmap -sv -sT -p - 192.168.1.0/24. Which of the following describes the most likely purpose of this scan? | | A. OS fingerprinting | | B. Attack path mapping | | C. Service discovery | | D. User enumeration |
C. Service discovery
The Nmap command nmap -sv -sT -p- 192.168.1.0/24 is designed to discover services on a network. Here is a breakdown of the command and its purpose: Command Breakdown: Purpose of the Scan: Conclusion: The nmap -sv -sT -p- 192.168.1.0/24 command is most likely used for service discovery, as it aims to identify all running services and their versions on the target subnet.
Question # 7
A penetration tester needs to complete cleanup activities from the testing lead. Which of the following should the tester do to validate that reverse shell payloads are no longer running? | | A. Run scripts to
terminate the implant on affected hosts. | | B. Spin down the C2
listeners. | | C. Restore the firewall
settings of the original affected hosts. | | D. Exit from C2 listener
active sessions. |
A. Run scripts to
terminate the implant on affected hosts.
To ensure that reverse shell payloads are no longer running, it is essential to actively terminate any implanted malware or scripts. Here’s why option A is correct: Run Scripts to Terminate the Implant: This ensures that any reverse shell payloads or malicious implants are actively terminated on the affected hosts. It is a direct and effective method to clean up after a penetration test. Spin Down the C2 Listeners: This stops the command and control listeners but does not remove the implants from the hosts. Restore the Firewall Settings: This is important for network security but does not directly address the termination of active implants. Exit from C2 Listener Active Sessions: This closes the current sessions but does not ensure that implants are terminated. References from Pentest: Anubis HTB: Demonstrates the process of cleaning up and ensuring that all implants are removed after an assessment. Forge HTB: Highlights the importance of thoroughly cleaning up and terminating any payloads or implants to leave the environment secure post-assessment.
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