Question # 1
| Which statement is correct about per-flow load balancing? | | A. Packets associated with the same flow are sent through different egress ports. | | B. The packets are guaranteed to arrive at their destination in a different order in which they were sent. | | C. Packets associated with the same flow are sent through the same egress port. | | D. The packets are guaranteed to arrive at their destination in the same order in which they were sent. |
C. Packets associated with the same flow are sent through the same egress port.
Explanation:
Per-flow load balancingensures that packets within the same flow are always forwarded over the same path, ensuring that packet order is preserved.
Step-by-Step Breakdown:
Flow Definition:A flow is typically defined by a combination of packet attributes like source/destination IP, source/destination port, and protocol type. Packets that belong to the same flow are routed over the same path to avoid reordering.
Per-Flow Behavior:Inper-flow load balancing, the hashing algorithm ensures that all packets in a particular flow use thesame egress port, maintaining order across the network.
Juniper Reference:
Load Balancing in Juniper: This method ensures that flows are balanced across multiple paths while preventing packet reordering within a single flow.
Question # 2
| Which state in the adjacency process do OSPF routers check the MTU size? | | A. Init | | B. Exchange | | C. Done | | D. ExStart |
B. Exchange
Explanation:
In OSPF, routers exchange link-state information in different stages to establish full adjacency. TheMTU sizeis checked during theExchangestate.
Step-by-Step Breakdown:
OSPF Adjacency Process:
OSPF routers go through multiple stages when forming an adjacency:Down,Init,2-Way,ExStart,Exchange,Loading, andFull.
Exchange State:
During theExchangestate, OSPF routers exchangeDatabase Description (DBD)packets to describe their link-state databases. TheMTU sizeis checked at this stage to ensure both routers can successfully exchange these packets without fragmentation.
If there is anMTU mismatch, the routers may fail to proceed past the Exchange state.
Juniper Reference:
MTU Checking in OSPF: Junos uses the Exchange state to check for MTU mismatches, ensuring that routers can properly exchange database information without packet fragmentation issues.
Question # 3
| When considering bidirectional forwarding detection, which two statements are correct? (Choose two.) | | A. The BFD default minimum interval is 3. | | B. You can configure BFD per interface within the protocol stanza. | | C. The BFD operation always consists of minimum intervals and multipliers. | | D. The BFD default multiplier is 5. |
B. You can configure BFD per interface within the protocol stanza.
C. The BFD operation always consists of minimum intervals and multipliers.
Explanation:
Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD)is a protocol used to detect faults in the forwarding path between two routers. It provides rapid failure detection, enhancing the performance of routing protocols like OSPF, BGP, and IS-IS.
Step-by-Step Breakdown:
Per Interface Configuration:BFD can be configured on aper-interfacebasis within the protocol stanza (e.g., OSPF, BGP). This allows granular control over where BFD is enabled and the failure detection intervals for specific interfaces.
Minimum Interval and Multiplier:BFD uses aminimum interval(the time between BFD control packets) and amultiplier(the number of missed packets before the path is declared down). The combination of these two defines the detection time for failures.
Juniper Reference:
BFD Configuration: In Juniper, BFD is configurable within routing protocol stanzas, with the failure detection mechanism always based on minimum intervals and multipliers.
Question # 4
| You want to enable a Junos device to support aggregated Ethernet interfaces. In this scenario, which configuration hierarchy would you use? | | A. [edit switch-options] | | B. [edit system] | | C. [edit interfaces] | | D. [edit chassis] |
D. [edit chassis]
Explanation:
To configureaggregated Ethernet (AE) interfaceson a Junos device, the configuration is done under the[edit chassis]hierarchy.
Step-by-Step Breakdown:
Chassis Configuration:Thechassisconfiguration is responsible for enabling the hardware to supportLink Aggregation Groups (LAGs), allowing multiple physical interfaces to be bundled into a single logical interface for load balancing and redundancy.
Command Example:
set chassis aggregated-devices ethernet device-count
This command enables a specific number of aggregated Ethernet interfaces on the device.
Juniper Reference:
LAG Configuration in Junos: Thechassishierarchy is used to allocate and manage hardware resources for aggregated Ethernet interfaces in Juniper devices.
Question # 5
| What is the behavior of the default export policy for OSPF? | | A. Accept all routes. | | B. Reject all routes. | | C. Redistribute all routes. | | D. Forward all routes. |
B. Reject all routes.
Explanation:
In Junos, thedefault export policyforOSPFis toreject all routesfrom being exported.
Step-by-Step Breakdown:
Default Export Policy:By default,OSPFin Junos does not export any routes to other routing protocols or neighbors. This is a safety mechanism to prevent unintended route advertisements.
Custom Export Policies:
If you need to export routes, you must create a customexport policythat explicitly defines which routes to advertise.
Example: You can create an export policy to redistribute static or connected routes into OSPF.
Juniper Reference:
OSPF Export Behavior: In Juniper devices, the default policy for OSPF is to reject route advertisements unless explicitly configured otherwise through custom policies.
Question # 6
| What are two requirements for an IP fabric? (Choose two.) | | A. a Layer 3 routing protocol | | B. a single connection between each spine and leaf | | C. a single connection between each leaf | | D. a Layer 2 switching protocol |
A. a Layer 3 routing protocol
B. a single connection between each spine and leaf
Explanation:
AnIP fabricis a network architecture commonly used in data centers to provide scalable, high-throughput connectivity using aspine-leaf topology.
Step-by-Step Breakdown:
Layer 3 Routing Protocol:An IP fabric relies on aLayer 3 routing protocol, typically BGP or OSPF, to provide routing between the leaf and spine switches. This ensures efficient traffic forwarding across the network.
Single Connection Between Spine and Leaf:In an IP fabric, each leaf switch connects toevery spine switchwith a single connection. This ensures that traffic between any two leaf switches can travel through the spine layer in just two hops.
Juniper Reference:
Spine-Leaf Design: Juniper’s IP fabric implementations are designed for scalability and low-latency routing, often using protocols like BGP for Layer 3 control.
Question # 7
| Which signaling protocol is used for EVPN? | | A. OSPF | | B. PIM | | C. IS-IS | | D. BGP |
D. BGP
Explanation:
EVPN (Ethernet Virtual Private Network)is a standard protocol used for building Layer 2 and Layer 3 VPNs over an IP or MPLS network. Thesignaling protocolused for EVPN isBGP(Border Gateway Protocol).
Step-by-Step Breakdown:
BGP as the EVPN Signaling Protocol:EVPN uses BGP to exchange MAC address reachability information between routers (PE devices). This enables devices to learn which MAC addresses are reachable through which PE devices, facilitating Layer 2 forwarding across an IP or MPLS core.
BGP Extensions for EVPN:BGP is extended with new address families (e.g., EVPN NLRI) to carry both MAC and IP address information, allowing for scalable and efficient multi-tenant network solutions.
Juniper Reference:
Junos EVPN Configuration: Juniper uses BGP as the control plane for EVPN to exchange MAC and IP route information between different data center devices.
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