Question # 1
| Which state in the adjacency process do OSPF routers check the MTU size? | | A. Init | | B. Exchange | | C. Done | | D. ExStart |
B. Exchange
Explanation:
In OSPF, routers exchange link-state information in different stages to establish full adjacency. TheMTU sizeis checked during theExchangestate.
Step-by-Step Breakdown:
OSPF Adjacency Process:
OSPF routers go through multiple stages when forming an adjacency:Down,Init,2-Way,ExStart,Exchange,Loading, andFull.
Exchange State:
During theExchangestate, OSPF routers exchangeDatabase Description (DBD)packets to describe their link-state databases. TheMTU sizeis checked at this stage to ensure both routers can successfully exchange these packets without fragmentation.
If there is anMTU mismatch, the routers may fail to proceed past the Exchange state.
Juniper Reference:
MTU Checking in OSPF: Junos uses the Exchange state to check for MTU mismatches, ensuring that routers can properly exchange database information without packet fragmentation issues.
Question # 2
| Which statement is correct about an IRB interface? | | A. An IRB interface switches traffic within the same VLAN. | | B. An IRB interface trunks together VLANs on different switches. | | C. An IRB interface is a physical Layer 3 interface that connects VLANs together. | | D. An IRB interface is a Layer 3 interface that can be used to route between VLANs. |
D. An IRB interface is a Layer 3 interface that can be used to route between VLANs.
Explanation:
AnIRB (Integrated Routing and Bridging)interface provides routing functionality between VLANs at Layer 3, allowing devices in different VLANs to communicate with each other.
Step-by-Step Breakdown:
IRB Functionality:
The IRB interface enables routing between different VLANs by acting as a Layer 3 gateway. Traffic within the same VLAN is handled by Layer 2 switching, while traffic between VLANs is routed through the IRB interface.
Layer 3 Routing Between VLANs:
Each VLAN can be assigned an IP address on the IRB interface, which allows traffic to flow between VLANs based on Layer 3 IP routing.
Juniper Reference:
IRB Interface Configuration: Juniper supports IRB for inter-VLAN routing on devices like the EX and QFX series switches, facilitating Layer 3 communication in data centers.
Question # 3
| Which two statements about IBGP are correct? (Choose two.) | | A. By default, IBGP has a TTL of 1. | | B. IBGP uses AS path for loop prevention. | | C. By default, IBGP has a TTL of 255. | | D. IBGP uses full mesh for loop prevention. |
C. By default, IBGP has a TTL of 255.
D. IBGP uses full mesh for loop prevention.
Explanation:
IBGP (Internal Border Gateway Protocol)is used to exchange routing information betweenrouters within the same AS (Autonomous System).
Step-by-Step Breakdown:
TTL of 255:
By default, IBGP sessions are established with aTTL (Time to Live)value of255. This allows IBGP neighbors to communicate over multiple hops within the AS without requiring any additional configuration.
Full Mesh Requirement:
IBGP requires alogical full meshbetween all IBGP routers to ensure that routing information is fully distributed within the AS. Since IBGP does not propagate routes learned from one IBGP peer to another by default, a full mesh topology is needed unlessroute reflectorsorBGP confederationsare used.
Juniper Reference:
IBGP Full Mesh: Juniper recommends using route reflectors in large networks to simplify IBGP full-mesh requirements.
Question # 4
| What are two requirements for an IP fabric? (Choose two.) | | A. a Layer 3 routing protocol | | B. a single connection between each spine and leaf | | C. a single connection between each leaf | | D. a Layer 2 switching protocol |
A. a Layer 3 routing protocol
B. a single connection between each spine and leaf
Explanation:
AnIP fabricis a network architecture commonly used in data centers to provide scalable, high-throughput connectivity using aspine-leaf topology.
Step-by-Step Breakdown:
Layer 3 Routing Protocol:An IP fabric relies on aLayer 3 routing protocol, typically BGP or OSPF, to provide routing between the leaf and spine switches. This ensures efficient traffic forwarding across the network.
Single Connection Between Spine and Leaf:In an IP fabric, each leaf switch connects toevery spine switchwith a single connection. This ensures that traffic between any two leaf switches can travel through the spine layer in just two hops.
Juniper Reference:
Spine-Leaf Design: Juniper’s IP fabric implementations are designed for scalability and low-latency routing, often using protocols like BGP for Layer 3 control.
Question # 5
| Which statement is correct about per-flow load balancing? | | A. Packets associated with the same flow are sent through different egress ports. | | B. The packets are guaranteed to arrive at their destination in a different order in which they were sent. | | C. Packets associated with the same flow are sent through the same egress port. | | D. The packets are guaranteed to arrive at their destination in the same order in which they were sent. |
C. Packets associated with the same flow are sent through the same egress port.
Explanation:
Per-flow load balancingensures that packets within the same flow are always forwarded over the same path, ensuring that packet order is preserved.
Step-by-Step Breakdown:
Flow Definition:A flow is typically defined by a combination of packet attributes like source/destination IP, source/destination port, and protocol type. Packets that belong to the same flow are routed over the same path to avoid reordering.
Per-Flow Behavior:Inper-flow load balancing, the hashing algorithm ensures that all packets in a particular flow use thesame egress port, maintaining order across the network.
Juniper Reference:
Load Balancing in Juniper: This method ensures that flows are balanced across multiple paths while preventing packet reordering within a single flow.
Question # 6
| By default, which two statements are correct about BGP advertisements? (Choose two.) | | A. BGP peers advertise routes received from EBGP peers to other IBGP peers. | | B. BGP peers advertise routes received from IBGP peers to other IBGP peers. | | C. BGP peers advertise routes from EBGP peers to other IBGP peers using its own address as thenext hop. | | D. BGP peers advertise routes from IBGP peers to EBGP peers using its own address as the next hop. |
A. BGP peers advertise routes received from EBGP peers to other IBGP peers.
D. BGP peers advertise routes from IBGP peers to EBGP peers using its own address as the next hop.
Explanation:
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)has specific rules for route advertisement between peers.
Step-by-Step Breakdown:
EBGP to IBGP Route Propagation:
BGP peers advertise routes learned fromEBGP peerstoIBGP peerswithin the same AS. This ensures that routes learned from external networks are propagated internally within the AS.
IBGP to EBGP Route Propagation:
Routes learned fromIBGP peerscan be advertised toEBGP peers, but when advertising these routes, the router uses its own IP address as thenext hop.
IBGP Split Horizon:
By default, IBGP peers do not advertise routes learned from one IBGP peer to another IBGP peer. This rule (IBGP split horizon) prevents routing loops within an AS.
Juniper Reference:
BGP Advertisement Rules: Junos adheres to BGP standards, where IBGP peers do not propagate routes to other IBGP peers, but EBGP peers receive IBGP routes with the advertising router as the next hop.
Question # 7
| When considering bidirectional forwarding detection, which two statements are correct? (Choose two.) | | A. The BFD default minimum interval is 3. | | B. You can configure BFD per interface within the protocol stanza. | | C. The BFD operation always consists of minimum intervals and multipliers. | | D. The BFD default multiplier is 5. |
B. You can configure BFD per interface within the protocol stanza.
C. The BFD operation always consists of minimum intervals and multipliers.
Explanation:
Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD)is a protocol used to detect faults in the forwarding path between two routers. It provides rapid failure detection, enhancing the performance of routing protocols like OSPF, BGP, and IS-IS.
Step-by-Step Breakdown:
Per Interface Configuration:BFD can be configured on aper-interfacebasis within the protocol stanza (e.g., OSPF, BGP). This allows granular control over where BFD is enabled and the failure detection intervals for specific interfaces.
Minimum Interval and Multiplier:BFD uses aminimum interval(the time between BFD control packets) and amultiplier(the number of missed packets before the path is declared down). The combination of these two defines the detection time for failures.
Juniper Reference:
BFD Configuration: In Juniper, BFD is configurable within routing protocol stanzas, with the failure detection mechanism always based on minimum intervals and multipliers.
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