Question # 1
| Which policies and procedures publication is titled Patch Manaqement in the IACS Environment? Available Choices (select all choices that are correct) | A. ISA-TR62443-2-3
| | B. ISA-TR62443-1-4 | | C. ISA-62443-3-3 | | D. ISA-62443-4-2 |
A. ISA-TR62443-2-3
ISA-TR62443-2-3 is the technical report that describes the requirements for asset owners and industrial automation and control system (IACS) product suppliers that have established and are now maintaining an IACS patch management program. Patch management is the process of applying software updates to fix vulnerabilities, bugs, or performance issues in the IACS components. Patch management is an essential part of maintaining the security and reliability of the IACS environment. The technical report provides guidance on how to establish a patch management policy, how to assess the impact and risk of patches, how to test and deploy patches, and how to monitor and audit the patch management process. References: 1, 2, 3
Question # 2
| Which is a PRIMARY reason why network security is important in IACS environments? Available Choices (select all choices that are correct) | | A. PLCs are inherently unreliable. | | B. PLCs are programmed using ladder logic. | | C. PLCs use serial or Ethernet communications methods. | | D. PLCs under cyber attack can have costly and dangerous impacts. |
D. PLCs under cyber attack can have costly and dangerous impacts.
Network security is important in IACS environments because PLCs, or programmable logic controllers, are devices that control physical processes and equipment in industrial settings. PLCs under cyber attack can have costly and dangerous impacts, such as disrupting production, damaging equipment, compromising safety, and harming the environment. Therefore, network security is essential to protect PLCs and other IACS components from unauthorized access, modification, or disruption. The other choices are not primary reasons why network security is important in IACS environments. PLCs are not inherently unreliable, but they can be affected by environmental factors, such as temperature, humidity, and electromagnetic interference. PLCs are programmed using ladder logic, which is a graphical programming language that resembles electrical schematics. PLCs use serial or Ethernet communications methods, depending on the type and age of the device, to communicate with other IACS components, such as human-machine interfaces (HMIs), supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems, and distributed control systems (DCSs). References: -
ISA/IEC 62443 Standards to Secure Your Industrial Control System training course1
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ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Fundamentals Specialist Study Guide2
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Using the ISA/IEC 62443 Standard to Secure Your Control Systems3
Question # 3
Which of the following is an industry sector-specific standard? Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
| | A. ISA-62443 (EC 62443) | | B. NIST SP800-82 | | C. API 1164 | | D. ISO 27001 |
C. API 1164
Explanation:
API 1164 is an industry sector-specific standard that provides guidance on the cybersecurity of pipeline supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. API stands for American Petroleum Institute, which is the largest U.S. trade association for the oil and natural gas industry. API 1164 was first published in 2004 and revised in 2009 and 2021. The latest version of the standard aligns with the ISA/IEC 62443 series of standards and incorporates the concepts of security levels, zones, and conduits. API 1164 covers the security lifecycle of pipeline SCADA systems, from risk assessment and policy development to implementation and maintenance. The standard also defines roles and responsibilities, security requirements, security controls, and security assessment methods for pipeline SCADA systems.
References: -
API 1164: Pipeline SCADA Security, Fourth Edition, September 2021
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ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Fundamentals Specialist Study Guide, Section 2.2.2, Industry Sector-Specific Standards
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ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Fundamentals Specialist Exam Specification, Section 2.2.2, Industry Sector-Specific Standards
Question # 4
| Which is the PRIMARY responsibility of the network layer of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model? Available Choices (select all choices that are correct) | A. Forwards packets, including routing through intermediate routers
| | B. Gives transparent transfer of data between end users | | C. Provides the rules for framing, converting electrical signals to data | | D. Handles the physics of getting a message from one device to another |
A. Forwards packets, including routing through intermediate routers
The primary responsibility of the network layer of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is to forward packets, including routing through intermediate routers. The network layer is the third layer from the bottom of the OSI model, and it is responsible for maintaining the quality of the data and passing and transmitting it from its source to its destination. The network layer also assigns logical addresses to devices, such as IP addresses, and uses various routing algorithms to determine the best path for the packets to travel. The network layer operates on packets, which are units of data that contain the source and destination addresses, as well as the payload. The network layer forwards packets from one node to another, using routers to switch packets between different networks. The network layer also handles host-to-host delivery, which means that it ensures that the packets reach the correct destination host.
The other choices are not correct because:
B. Gives transparent transfer of data between end users. This is the responsibility of the transport layer, which is the fourth layer from the bottom of the OSI model. The transport layer provides reliable and error-free data transfer between end users, using protocols such as TCP and UDP. The transport layer operates on segments, which are units of data that contain the source and destination port numbers, as well as the payload. The transport layer also handles flow control, congestion control, and multiplexing.
C. Provides the rules for framing, converting electrical signals to data. This is the responsibility of the data link layer, which is the second layer from the bottom of the OSI model. The data link layer provides the means for transferring data between adjacent nodes on a network, using protocols such as Ethernet and WiFi. The data link layer operates on frames, which are units of data that contain the source and destination MAC addresses, as well as the payload. The data link layer also handles error detection, error correction, and media access control.
D. Handles the physics of getting a message from one device to another. This is the responsibility of the physical layer, which is the lowest layer of the OSI model. The physical layer provides the means for transmitting bits over a physical medium, such as copper wire, fiber optic cable, or radio waves. The physical layer operates on bits, which are the smallest units of data that can be either 0 or 1. The physical layer also handles modulation, demodulation, encoding, decoding, and synchronization.
References:
The OSI Model – The 7 Layers of Networking Explained in Plain English1
Network Layer in OSI Model2
OSI model3
Question # 5
| What does the abbreviation CSMS round in ISA 62443-2-1 represent? Available Choices (select all choices that are correct) | | A. Control System Management System | | B. Control System Monitoring System | | C. Cyber Security Management System | | D. Cyber Security Monitoring System |
C. Cyber Security Management System
The abbreviation CSMS stands for Cyber Security Management System in ISA 62443-2-1. This standard defines the elements necessary to establish a CSMS for industrial automation and control systems (IACS) and provides guidance on how to develop those elements123. A CSMS is a collection of policies, procedures, practices, and personnel that are responsible for ensuring the security of IACS throughout their lifecycle24. References: 1: ISA/IEC 62443 Series of Standards - ISA 2: ISA 62443-2-1 - Security for industrial automation and control systems, Part 2-1: Establishing an Industrial Automation and Control Systems Security Program | GlobalSpec 3: IEC 62443-2-1:2010 | IEC Webstore | cyber security, smart city 4: Structuring the ISA/IEC 62443 Standards - ISAGCA
Question # 6
| What.are the two elements of the risk analysis category of an IACS? Available Choices (select all choices that are correct) | | A. Risk evaluation and risk identification | | B. Business rationale and risk reduction and avoidance | | C. Business rationale and risk identification and classification | | D. Business recovery and risk elimination or mitigation |
C. Business rationale and risk identification and classification
The risk analysis category of an IACS consists of two elements: business rationale and risk identification and classification1. Business rationale is the process of defining the scope, objectives, and criteria for the risk analysis, as well as the roles and responsibilities of the stakeholders involved. Risk identification and classification is the process of identifying the assets, threats, vulnerabilities, and consequences of a cyberattack on the IACS, and assigning a risk level to each scenario based on the likelihood and impact of the attack1. These elements are essential for establishing a baseline of the current risk posture of the IACS and determining the appropriate risk treatment measures to reduce the risk to an acceptable level.
References: 1: ISA/IEC 62443-3-2:2020, Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 3-2: Security risk assessment for system design, International Society of Automation, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA, 2020.
Question # 7
| Which analysis method is MOST frequently used as an input to a security risk assessment?Available Choices (select all choices that are correct) | A. Failure Mode and Effects Analysis
| | B. Job Safety Analysis(JSA) | | C. Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) | | D. System Safety Analysis(SSA) |
C. Process Hazard Analysis (PHA)
A Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) is a systematic and structured method of identifying and evaluating the potential hazards and risks associated with an industrial process. A PHA can help to identify the possible causes and consequences of undesired events, such as equipment failures, human errors, cyberattacks, natural disasters, etc. A PHA can also provide recommendations for reducing the likelihood and severity of such events, as well as improving the safety and security of the process. A PHA is one of the most frequently used analysis methods as an input to a security risk assessment, as it can help to identify the assets, threats, vulnerabilities, and impacts related to the process, and provide a basis for determining the security risk level and the appropriate security countermeasures. A PHA is also a requirement of the ISA/IEC 62443 standard, as part of the security program development and implementation phase12.
References: 1: ISA/IEC 62443-2-1: Security for industrial automation and control systems: Establishing an industrial automation and control systems security program 2: ISA/IEC 62443-3-2: Security for industrial automation and control systems: Security risk assessment for system design
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