Question # 1
In an IACS system, a typical security conduit consists of which of the following assets? Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
| A. Controllers, sensors, transmitters, and final control elements
| | B. Wiring, routers, switches, and network management devices | | C. Ferrous, thickwall, and threaded conduit including raceways | | D. Power lines, cabinet enclosures, and protective grounds |
B. Wiring, routers, switches, and network management devices
A security conduit is a logical or physical grouping of communication channels connecting two or more zones that share common security requirements1. A zone is a grouping of systems and components based on their functional, logical, and physical relationship that share common security requirements1. Therefore, a security conduit consists of assets that enable or facilitatecommunication between zones, such as wiring, routers, switches, and network management devices. Controllers, sensors, transmitters, and final control elements are examples of assets that belong to a zone, not a conduit. Ferrous, thickwall, and threaded conduit including raceways are physical structures that may enclose or protect wiring, but they are not part of the communication channels themselves. Power lines, cabinet enclosures, and protective grounds are also not part of the communication channels, but rather provide power or protection to the assets in a zone or a conduit. References: 1: Key Concepts of ISA/IEC 62443: Zones & Security Levels | Dragos
Question # 2
| What does the abbreviation CSMS round in ISA 62443-2-1 represent? Available Choices (select all choices that are correct) | | A. Control System Management System | | B. Control System Monitoring System | | C. Cyber Security Management System | | D. Cyber Security Monitoring System |
C. Cyber Security Management System
The abbreviation CSMS stands for Cyber Security Management System in ISA 62443-2-1. This standard defines the elements necessary to establish a CSMS for industrial automation and control systems (IACS) and provides guidance on how to develop those elements123. A CSMS is a collection of policies, procedures, practices, and personnel that are responsible for ensuring the security of IACS throughout their lifecycle24. References: 1: ISA/IEC 62443 Series of Standards - ISA 2: ISA 62443-2-1 - Security for industrial automation and control systems, Part 2-1: Establishing an Industrial Automation and Control Systems Security Program | GlobalSpec 3: IEC 62443-2-1:2010 | IEC Webstore | cyber security, smart city 4: Structuring the ISA/IEC 62443 Standards - ISAGCA
Question # 3
| What.are the two elements of the risk analysis category of an IACS? Available Choices (select all choices that are correct) | | A. Risk evaluation and risk identification | | B. Business rationale and risk reduction and avoidance | | C. Business rationale and risk identification and classification | | D. Business recovery and risk elimination or mitigation |
C. Business rationale and risk identification and classification
The risk analysis category of an IACS consists of two elements: business rationale and risk identification and classification1. Business rationale is the process of defining the scope, objectives, and criteria for the risk analysis, as well as the roles and responsibilities of the stakeholders involved. Risk identification and classification is the process of identifying the assets, threats, vulnerabilities, and consequences of a cyberattack on the IACS, and assigning a risk level to each scenario based on the likelihood and impact of the attack1. These elements are essential for establishing a baseline of the current risk posture of the IACS and determining the appropriate risk treatment measures to reduce the risk to an acceptable level.
References: 1: ISA/IEC 62443-3-2:2020, Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 3-2: Security risk assessment for system design, International Society of Automation, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA, 2020.
Question # 4
| Which policies and procedures publication is titled Patch Manaqement in the IACS Environment? Available Choices (select all choices that are correct) | A. ISA-TR62443-2-3
| | B. ISA-TR62443-1-4 | | C. ISA-62443-3-3 | | D. ISA-62443-4-2 |
A. ISA-TR62443-2-3
ISA-TR62443-2-3 is the technical report that describes the requirements for asset owners and industrial automation and control system (IACS) product suppliers that have established and are now maintaining an IACS patch management program. Patch management is the process of applying software updates to fix vulnerabilities, bugs, or performance issues in the IACS components. Patch management is an essential part of maintaining the security and reliability of the IACS environment. The technical report provides guidance on how to establish a patch management policy, how to assess the impact and risk of patches, how to test and deploy patches, and how to monitor and audit the patch management process. References: 1, 2, 3
Question # 5
| Which is the implementation of PROFIBUS over Ethernet for non-safety-related communications?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct) | | A. PROFIBUS DP | | B. PROFIBUS PA | | C. PROFINET | | D. PROF1SAFE |
C. PROFINET
PROFINET is the implementation of PROFIBUS over Ethernet for non-safety-related communications. It is a standard for industrial Ethernet that enables real-time data exchange between automation devices, controllers, and higher-level systems. PROFINET uses standard Ethernet hardware and software, but adds a thin software layer that allows deterministic and fast communication. PROFINET supports different communication profiles for different applications, such as motion control, process automation, and functional safety. PROFINET is compatible with PROFIBUS, and allows seamless integration of existing PROFIBUS devices and networks123
References: 1: What is PROFINET? - PI North America 2: PROFINET - Wikipedia 3: PROFINET Technology and Application - System Description
Question # 6
| Why is OPC Classic considered firewall unfriendly? Available Choices (select all choices that are correct) | | A. OPC Classic uses DCOM, which dynamically assigns any port between 1024 and 65535. | | B. OPC Classic is allowed to use only port 80. | | C. OPC Classic works with control devices from different manufacturers. | | D. OPC Classic is an obsolete communication standard. |
A. OPC Classic uses DCOM, which dynamically assigns any port between 1024 and 65535.
OPC Classic uses DCOM, which dynamically assigns any port between 1024 and 65535. Comprehensive Explanation: OPC Classic is a software interface technology that uses the Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM) protocol to facilitate the transfer of data between different industrial control systems. DCOM is a Microsoft technology that allows applications to communicate across a network. However, DCOM is not designed with security in mind, and it poses several challenges for firewall configuration. One of the main challenges is that DCOM does not use fixed TCP port numbers, but rather negotiates new port numbers within the first open connection. This means that intermediary firewalls can only be used with wide-open rules, leaving a large range of ports open for potential attacks. This makes OPC Classic very “firewall unfriendly” and reduces the security and protection they provide. References: -
Tofino Security OPC Foundation White Paper
-
Step 2 (for client or server): Configuring firewall settings - GE
-
Secure firewall for OPC Classic - Design World
Question # 7
| What is the FIRST step required in implementing ISO 27001? Available Choices (select all choices that are correct) | | A. Create a security management organization. | | B. Define an information security policy. | | C. Implement strict security controls. | | D. Perform a security risk assessment. |
D. Perform a security risk assessment.
The first step in implementing ISO 27001, an international standard for information security management systems (ISMS), is to perform a security risk assessment. This initial step is critical as it helps identify the organization's information assets that could be at risk, assess the vulnerabilities and threats to these assets, and evaluate their potential impacts. This risk assessment forms the foundation for defining appropriate security controls and measures tailored to the organization’s specific needs. Starting with a risk assessment ensures that the security controls implemented are aligned with the actual risks the organization faces, making the ISMS more effective and targeted.ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Fundamentals References:
Although ISO 27001 is not part of ISA/IEC 62443, it shares common principles in cybersecurity management by starting with a comprehensive understanding and assessment of security risks, which is a fundamental aspect in both standards for setting up effective security practices.
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