Question # 1
| Which is the BEST practice when establishing security zones? Available Choices (select all choices that are correct) | | A. Security zones should contain assets that share common security requirements. | | B. Security zones should align with physical network segments. | | C. Assets within the same logical communication network should be in the same security zone. | | D. All components in a large or complex system should be in the same security zone. |
A. Security zones should contain assets that share common security requirements.
Security zones are logical groupings of assets that share common security requirements based on factors such as criticality, consequence, vulnerability, and threat. Security zones are used to apply the principle of defense in depth, which means creating multiple layers of protection to prevent or mitigate cyberattacks. By creating security zones, asset owners can isolate the most critical or sensitive assets from the less critical or sensitive ones, and apply different levels of security controls to each zone according to the risk assessment. Security zones are not necessarily aligned with physical network segments, as assets within the same network may have different security requirements. For example, a network segment may contain both a safety instrumented system (SIS) and a human-machine interface (HMI), but the SIS has a higher security requirement than the HMI. Therefore, the SIS and the HMI should be in different security zones, even if they are in the same network segment. Similarly, assets within the same logical communication network may not have the same security requirements, and therefore should not be in the same security zone. For example, a logical communication network may span across multiple physical locations, such as a plant and a corporate office, but the assets in the plant may have higher security requirements than the assets in the office. Therefore, the assets in the plant and the office should be in different security zones, even if they are in the same logical communication network. Finally, all components in a large or complex system should not be in the same security zone, as this would create a single point of failure and expose the entire system to potential cyberattacks. Instead, the components should be divided into smaller and simpler security zones, based on their security requirements, and the communication between the zones should be controlled by conduits. Conduits are logical or physical connections between security zones that allow data flow and access control. Conduits should be designed to minimize the attack surface and the potential impact of cyberattacks, by applying security controls such as firewalls, encryption, authentication, and authorization. References: -
How to Define Zones and Conduits1
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Securing industrial networks: What is ISA/IEC 62443?2
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ISA/IEC 62443 Series of Standards3
Question # 2
| Which is the implementation of PROFIBUS over Ethernet for non-safety-related communications?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct) | | A. PROFIBUS DP | | B. PROFIBUS PA | | C. PROFINET | | D. PROF1SAFE |
C. PROFINET
PROFINET is the implementation of PROFIBUS over Ethernet for non-safety-related communications. It is a standard for industrial Ethernet that enables real-time data exchange between automation devices, controllers, and higher-level systems. PROFINET uses standard Ethernet hardware and software, but adds a thin software layer that allows deterministic and fast communication. PROFINET supports different communication profiles for different applications, such as motion control, process automation, and functional safety. PROFINET is compatible with PROFIBUS, and allows seamless integration of existing PROFIBUS devices and networks123
References: 1: What is PROFINET? - PI North America 2: PROFINET - Wikipedia 3: PROFINET Technology and Application - System Description
Question # 3
| Which is a PRIMARY reason why network security is important in IACS environments? Available Choices (select all choices that are correct) | | A. PLCs are inherently unreliable. | | B. PLCs are programmed using ladder logic. | | C. PLCs use serial or Ethernet communications methods. | | D. PLCs under cyber attack can have costly and dangerous impacts. |
D. PLCs under cyber attack can have costly and dangerous impacts.
Network security is important in IACS environments because PLCs, or programmable logic controllers, are devices that control physical processes and equipment in industrial settings. PLCs under cyber attack can have costly and dangerous impacts, such as disrupting production, damaging equipment, compromising safety, and harming the environment. Therefore, network security is essential to protect PLCs and other IACS components from unauthorized access, modification, or disruption. The other choices are not primary reasons why network security is important in IACS environments. PLCs are not inherently unreliable, but they can be affected by environmental factors, such as temperature, humidity, and electromagnetic interference. PLCs are programmed using ladder logic, which is a graphical programming language that resembles electrical schematics. PLCs use serial or Ethernet communications methods, depending on the type and age of the device, to communicate with other IACS components, such as human-machine interfaces (HMIs), supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems, and distributed control systems (DCSs). References: -
ISA/IEC 62443 Standards to Secure Your Industrial Control System training course1
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ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Fundamentals Specialist Study Guide2
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Using the ISA/IEC 62443 Standard to Secure Your Control Systems3
Question # 4
Which of the following is a cause for the increase in attacks on IACS? Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
| | A. Use of proprietary communications protocols | | B. The move away from commercial off the shelf (COTS) systems, protocols, and networks | | C. Knowledge of exploits and tools readily available on the Internet | | D. Fewer personnel with system knowledge having access to IACS |
A. Use of proprietary communications protocols
C. Knowledge of exploits and tools readily available on the Internet
One of the reasons for the increase in attacks on IACS is the availability of information and tools that can be used to exploit vulnerabilities in these systems. The Internet provides a platform for hackers, researchers, and activists to share their knowledge and techniques for compromising IACS. Some examples of such information and tools are: -
Stuxnet: A sophisticated malware that targeted the Iranian nuclear program in 2010. It exploited four zero-day vulnerabilities in Windows and Siemens software to infect and manipulate the programmable logic controllers (PLCs) that controlled the centrifuges. Stuxnet was widely analyzed and reported by the media and security experts, and its source code was leaked online1.
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Metasploit: A popular penetration testing framework that contains modules for exploiting various IACS components and protocols. For instance, Metasploit includes modules for attacking Modbus, DNP3, OPC, and Siemens S7 devices2.
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Shodan: A search engine that allows users to find devices connected to the Internet, such as webcams, routers, printers, and IACS components. Shodan can reveal the location, model, firmware, and configuration of these devices, which can be used by attackers to identify potential targets and vulnerabilities3.
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ICS-CERT: A website that provides alerts, advisories, and reports on IACS security issues and incidents. ICS-CERT also publishes vulnerability notes and mitigation recommendations for various IACS products and vendors4. These sources of information and tools can be useful for legitimate purposes, such as security testing, research, and education, but they can also be misused by malicious actors who want to disrupt, damage, or steal from IACS. Therefore, IACS owners and operators should be aware of the threats and risks posed by the Internet and implement appropriate security measures to protect their systems.
References: -
The increase in attacks on Industrial Automation and Control Systems (IACS) can be attributed to several factors, including: A.Use of proprietary communications protocols:These can pose security risks because they may not have been designed with security in mind and are often not as well-tested against security threats as more standard protocols. C.Knowledge of exploits and tools readily available on the Internet:The availability of information about vulnerabilities and exploits on the internet has made it easier for attackers to target IACS.
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The other options, B and D, are incorrect because: B. The move towards commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) systems, protocols, and networks actually increases risk because these systems are more likely to be known and targeted by attackers, compared to proprietary systems which might benefit from security through obscurity. D. There is actually an increase in risk with more personnel with system knowledge because it enlarges the attack surface – each individual with system knowledge can potentially become a vector for an attack, either maliciously or accidentally.
Question # 5
| What does the abbreviation CSMS round in ISA 62443-2-1 represent? Available Choices (select all choices that are correct) | | A. Control System Management System | | B. Control System Monitoring System | | C. Cyber Security Management System | | D. Cyber Security Monitoring System |
C. Cyber Security Management System
The abbreviation CSMS stands for Cyber Security Management System in ISA 62443-2-1. This standard defines the elements necessary to establish a CSMS for industrial automation and control systems (IACS) and provides guidance on how to develop those elements123. A CSMS is a collection of policies, procedures, practices, and personnel that are responsible for ensuring the security of IACS throughout their lifecycle24. References: 1: ISA/IEC 62443 Series of Standards - ISA 2: ISA 62443-2-1 - Security for industrial automation and control systems, Part 2-1: Establishing an Industrial Automation and Control Systems Security Program | GlobalSpec 3: IEC 62443-2-1:2010 | IEC Webstore | cyber security, smart city 4: Structuring the ISA/IEC 62443 Standards - ISAGCA
Question # 6
| Which is a physical layer standard for serial communications between two or more devices?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct) | | A. RS232 | | B. RS235 | | C. RS432 | | D. RS435 |
A. RS232
RS232 is a physical layer standard for serial communication between two or more devices. It defines the electrical characteristics, timing, and pinout of connectors for serial data transmission. RS232 is widely used in industrial communication devices, such as PLCs, measuring instruments, and network servers. RS232 allows only one master and one slave to communicate on each line, and operates in a full duplex mode. RS232 haslower transmission speed, shorter maximum cable length, and larger voltage swing than later standards such as RS422 and RS485123
References: 1: Basics of RS232, RS422, and RS485 Serial Communication 2: RS-232 - Wikipedia 3: RS232 Serial Communication Protocol: Basics, Working & Specifications
Question # 7
| Which is the PRIMARY responsibility of the network layer of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model? Available Choices (select all choices that are correct) | A. Forwards packets, including routing through intermediate routers
| | B. Gives transparent transfer of data between end users | | C. Provides the rules for framing, converting electrical signals to data | | D. Handles the physics of getting a message from one device to another |
A. Forwards packets, including routing through intermediate routers
The primary responsibility of the network layer of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is to forward packets, including routing through intermediate routers. The network layer is the third layer from the bottom of the OSI model, and it is responsible for maintaining the quality of the data and passing and transmitting it from its source to its destination. The network layer also assigns logical addresses to devices, such as IP addresses, and uses various routing algorithms to determine the best path for the packets to travel. The network layer operates on packets, which are units of data that contain the source and destination addresses, as well as the payload. The network layer forwards packets from one node to another, using routers to switch packets between different networks. The network layer also handles host-to-host delivery, which means that it ensures that the packets reach the correct destination host.
The other choices are not correct because:
B. Gives transparent transfer of data between end users. This is the responsibility of the transport layer, which is the fourth layer from the bottom of the OSI model. The transport layer provides reliable and error-free data transfer between end users, using protocols such as TCP and UDP. The transport layer operates on segments, which are units of data that contain the source and destination port numbers, as well as the payload. The transport layer also handles flow control, congestion control, and multiplexing.
C. Provides the rules for framing, converting electrical signals to data. This is the responsibility of the data link layer, which is the second layer from the bottom of the OSI model. The data link layer provides the means for transferring data between adjacent nodes on a network, using protocols such as Ethernet and WiFi. The data link layer operates on frames, which are units of data that contain the source and destination MAC addresses, as well as the payload. The data link layer also handles error detection, error correction, and media access control.
D. Handles the physics of getting a message from one device to another. This is the responsibility of the physical layer, which is the lowest layer of the OSI model. The physical layer provides the means for transmitting bits over a physical medium, such as copper wire, fiber optic cable, or radio waves. The physical layer operates on bits, which are the smallest units of data that can be either 0 or 1. The physical layer also handles modulation, demodulation, encoding, decoding, and synchronization.
References:
The OSI Model – The 7 Layers of Networking Explained in Plain English1
Network Layer in OSI Model2
OSI model3
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