Question # 1
| Which is the PRIMARY responsibility of the network layer of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model? Available Choices (select all choices that are correct) | A. Forwards packets, including routing through intermediate routers
| | B. Gives transparent transfer of data between end users | | C. Provides the rules for framing, converting electrical signals to data | | D. Handles the physics of getting a message from one device to another |
A. Forwards packets, including routing through intermediate routers
The primary responsibility of the network layer of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is to forward packets, including routing through intermediate routers. The network layer is the third layer from the bottom of the OSI model, and it is responsible for maintaining the quality of the data and passing and transmitting it from its source to its destination. The network layer also assigns logical addresses to devices, such as IP addresses, and uses various routing algorithms to determine the best path for the packets to travel. The network layer operates on packets, which are units of data that contain the source and destination addresses, as well as the payload. The network layer forwards packets from one node to another, using routers to switch packets between different networks. The network layer also handles host-to-host delivery, which means that it ensures that the packets reach the correct destination host.
The other choices are not correct because:
B. Gives transparent transfer of data between end users. This is the responsibility of the transport layer, which is the fourth layer from the bottom of the OSI model. The transport layer provides reliable and error-free data transfer between end users, using protocols such as TCP and UDP. The transport layer operates on segments, which are units of data that contain the source and destination port numbers, as well as the payload. The transport layer also handles flow control, congestion control, and multiplexing.
C. Provides the rules for framing, converting electrical signals to data. This is the responsibility of the data link layer, which is the second layer from the bottom of the OSI model. The data link layer provides the means for transferring data between adjacent nodes on a network, using protocols such as Ethernet and WiFi. The data link layer operates on frames, which are units of data that contain the source and destination MAC addresses, as well as the payload. The data link layer also handles error detection, error correction, and media access control.
D. Handles the physics of getting a message from one device to another. This is the responsibility of the physical layer, which is the lowest layer of the OSI model. The physical layer provides the means for transmitting bits over a physical medium, such as copper wire, fiber optic cable, or radio waves. The physical layer operates on bits, which are the smallest units of data that can be either 0 or 1. The physical layer also handles modulation, demodulation, encoding, decoding, and synchronization.
References:
The OSI Model – The 7 Layers of Networking Explained in Plain English1
Network Layer in OSI Model2
OSI model3
Question # 2
| What.are the two elements of the risk analysis category of an IACS? Available Choices (select all choices that are correct) | | A. Risk evaluation and risk identification | | B. Business rationale and risk reduction and avoidance | | C. Business rationale and risk identification and classification | | D. Business recovery and risk elimination or mitigation |
C. Business rationale and risk identification and classification
The risk analysis category of an IACS consists of two elements: business rationale and risk identification and classification1. Business rationale is the process of defining the scope, objectives, and criteria for the risk analysis, as well as the roles and responsibilities of the stakeholders involved. Risk identification and classification is the process of identifying the assets, threats, vulnerabilities, and consequences of a cyberattack on the IACS, and assigning a risk level to each scenario based on the likelihood and impact of the attack1. These elements are essential for establishing a baseline of the current risk posture of the IACS and determining the appropriate risk treatment measures to reduce the risk to an acceptable level.
References: 1: ISA/IEC 62443-3-2:2020, Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 3-2: Security risk assessment for system design, International Society of Automation, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA, 2020.
Question # 3
| Which layer in the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model would include the use of the File Transfer Protocol (FTP)? Available Choices (select all choices that are correct) | | A. Application layer | | B. Data link layer | | C. Session layer | | D. Transport layer |
A. Application layer
The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is an application layer protocol that moves files between local and remote file systems. It runs on top of TCP, like HTTP. To transfer a file, 2 TCP connections are used by FTP in parallel: control connection and data connection. The control connection is used to send commands and responses between the client and the server, while the data connection is used to transfer the actual file. FTP is one of the standard communication protocols defined by the TCP/IP model and it does not fit neatly into the OSI model. However, since the OSI model is a reference model that describes the general functions of each layer, FTP can be considered as an application layer protocol in the OSI model, as it provides user services and interfaces to the network. The application layer is the highest layer in the OSI model and it is responsible for providing various network services to the users, such as email, web browsing, file transfer, remote login, etc. The application layer interacts with the presentation layer, which is responsible for data formatting, encryption, compression, etc. The presentation layer interacts with the session layer, which is responsible for establishing, maintaining, and terminating sessions between applications. The session layer interacts with the transport layer, which is responsible for reliable end-to-end data transfer and flow control. The transport layer interacts with the network layer, which is responsible for routing and addressing packets across different networks. The network layer interacts with the data link layer, which is responsible for framing, error detection, and medium access control. The data link layer interacts with the physical layer, which is responsible for transmitting and receiving bits over the physical medium. References: -
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) in Application Layer1
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FTP Protocol2
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What OSI layer is FTP?3
Question # 4
In an IACS system, a typical security conduit consists of which of the following assets? Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
| A. Controllers, sensors, transmitters, and final control elements
| | B. Wiring, routers, switches, and network management devices | | C. Ferrous, thickwall, and threaded conduit including raceways | | D. Power lines, cabinet enclosures, and protective grounds |
B. Wiring, routers, switches, and network management devices
A security conduit is a logical or physical grouping of communication channels connecting two or more zones that share common security requirements1. A zone is a grouping of systems and components based on their functional, logical, and physical relationship that share common security requirements1. Therefore, a security conduit consists of assets that enable or facilitatecommunication between zones, such as wiring, routers, switches, and network management devices. Controllers, sensors, transmitters, and final control elements are examples of assets that belong to a zone, not a conduit. Ferrous, thickwall, and threaded conduit including raceways are physical structures that may enclose or protect wiring, but they are not part of the communication channels themselves. Power lines, cabinet enclosures, and protective grounds are also not part of the communication channels, but rather provide power or protection to the assets in a zone or a conduit. References: 1: Key Concepts of ISA/IEC 62443: Zones & Security Levels | Dragos
Question # 5
| What is the FIRST step required in implementing ISO 27001? Available Choices (select all choices that are correct) | | A. Create a security management organization. | | B. Define an information security policy. | | C. Implement strict security controls. | | D. Perform a security risk assessment. |
D. Perform a security risk assessment.
The first step in implementing ISO 27001, an international standard for information security management systems (ISMS), is to perform a security risk assessment. This initial step is critical as it helps identify the organization's information assets that could be at risk, assess the vulnerabilities and threats to these assets, and evaluate their potential impacts. This risk assessment forms the foundation for defining appropriate security controls and measures tailored to the organization’s specific needs. Starting with a risk assessment ensures that the security controls implemented are aligned with the actual risks the organization faces, making the ISMS more effective and targeted.ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Fundamentals References:
Although ISO 27001 is not part of ISA/IEC 62443, it shares common principles in cybersecurity management by starting with a comprehensive understanding and assessment of security risks, which is a fundamental aspect in both standards for setting up effective security practices.
Question # 6
Which of the following is an industry sector-specific standard? Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
| | A. ISA-62443 (EC 62443) | | B. NIST SP800-82 | | C. API 1164 | | D. ISO 27001 |
C. API 1164
Explanation:
API 1164 is an industry sector-specific standard that provides guidance on the cybersecurity of pipeline supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. API stands for American Petroleum Institute, which is the largest U.S. trade association for the oil and natural gas industry. API 1164 was first published in 2004 and revised in 2009 and 2021. The latest version of the standard aligns with the ISA/IEC 62443 series of standards and incorporates the concepts of security levels, zones, and conduits. API 1164 covers the security lifecycle of pipeline SCADA systems, from risk assessment and policy development to implementation and maintenance. The standard also defines roles and responsibilities, security requirements, security controls, and security assessment methods for pipeline SCADA systems.
References: -
API 1164: Pipeline SCADA Security, Fourth Edition, September 2021
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ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Fundamentals Specialist Study Guide, Section 2.2.2, Industry Sector-Specific Standards
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ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Fundamentals Specialist Exam Specification, Section 2.2.2, Industry Sector-Specific Standards
Question # 7
| Why is OPC Classic considered firewall unfriendly? Available Choices (select all choices that are correct) | | A. OPC Classic uses DCOM, which dynamically assigns any port between 1024 and 65535. | | B. OPC Classic is allowed to use only port 80. | | C. OPC Classic works with control devices from different manufacturers. | | D. OPC Classic is an obsolete communication standard. |
A. OPC Classic uses DCOM, which dynamically assigns any port between 1024 and 65535.
OPC Classic uses DCOM, which dynamically assigns any port between 1024 and 65535. Comprehensive Explanation: OPC Classic is a software interface technology that uses the Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM) protocol to facilitate the transfer of data between different industrial control systems. DCOM is a Microsoft technology that allows applications to communicate across a network. However, DCOM is not designed with security in mind, and it poses several challenges for firewall configuration. One of the main challenges is that DCOM does not use fixed TCP port numbers, but rather negotiates new port numbers within the first open connection. This means that intermediary firewalls can only be used with wide-open rules, leaving a large range of ports open for potential attacks. This makes OPC Classic very “firewall unfriendly” and reduces the security and protection they provide. References: -
Tofino Security OPC Foundation White Paper
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Step 2 (for client or server): Configuring firewall settings - GE
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Secure firewall for OPC Classic - Design World
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