Question # 1
| What primary metric of scanning can stations use to select the best AP for connectivity to the desired BSS? | | A. Signal strength of AP beacons received. | | B. PING latency when testing against an Internet server. | | C. Throughput speed in Mbps. | | D. FCS errors in frames transmitted to and from the AP. |
A. Signal strength of AP beacons received.
Explanation:
When a station scans for available wireless networks, it listens for beacon frames sent by APs. A beacon frame contains information about the BSS, such as SSID, supported rates, channel, security, etc. The station also measures the signal strength of the beacon frames, which indicates how well the station can communicate with the AP. The signal strength is usually expressed in dBm or RSSI units. The higher the signal strength, the better the connection quality and performance. Therefore, the station can use the signal strength of AP beacons as the primary metric to select the best AP for connectivity to the desired BSS12. References: CWNA-109 Study Guide, Chapter 6: Wireless LAN Devices and Topologies, page 249; CWNA-109Study Guide, Chapter 6: Wireless LAN Devices and Topologies, page 243.
Question # 2
| The BSA of an AP covers the area used by the sales and marketing department. Thirty-five stations operate in this space. The users indicate that they need more throughput and all stations are 5 GHz capable 802.11ac clients. The current AP configuration uses 20 MHz channels in both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. What is the least expensive solution available for increasing throughput for these users without implementing configuration options that are not recommended? | | A. Use a 160 MHz channel on the 5 GHz radio | | B. Use a 40 MHz channel on the 5 GHz radio | | C. Install a second AP in the coverage area | | D. Use a 40 MHz channel on the 2.4 GHz radio |
B. Use a 40 MHz channel on the 5 GHz radio
Explanation:
The least expensive solution available for increasing throughput for these users without implementing configuration options that are not recommended is to use a 40 MHz channel on the 5 GHz radio. This solution can double the channel bandwidth and increase the data rates for the 5 GHz capable 802.11ac clients. Using a 40 MHz channel on the 5 GHz radio is also less likely to cause co-channel interference or overlap with other channels than using a 40 MHz channel on the 2.4 GHz radio, which has only three non-overlapping channels. Using a 160 MHz channel on the 5 GHzradio may provide even higher throughput, but it may also consume too much of the available spectrum and cause more interference with other devices or networks. Installing a second AP in the coverage area may also improve the throughput, but it may require additional costs and configuration.
References:
[CWNP Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: ExamCWNA-109], page 216; [CWNA: Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: ExamCWNA-109], page 206.
Question # 3
| What statement describes the authorization component of a AAA implementation? | | A. Verifying that a user is who he says he is. | | B. Implementing a WIPS as a full-time monitoring solution to enforce policies. | | C. Granting access to specific network services or resources according to a user profile. | | D. Validating client device credentials against a database. |
C. Granting access to specific network services or resources according to a user profile.
Explanation:
Granting access to specific network services or resources according to a user profile describes the authorization component of a AAA implementation. AAA stands for Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting, which are three functions that are used to control and monitor access to network resources and services. Authentication is the process of verifying that a user is who he says he is, by using credentials such as username, password, certificate, token, or biometric data. Authorization is the process of granting access to specific network services or resources according to a user profile, which defines the user’s role, privileges, and permissions. Accounting is the process of recording and reporting the usage of network services or resources by a user, such as the duration, volume, type, and location of the access. AAA can be implemented by using different protocols andservers, such as RADIUS, TACACS+, LDAP, Kerberos, or Active Directory.
References: 1, Chapter 11, page 449; 2, Section 7.1
Question # 4
| What is always required to establish a high quality 2.4 GHz RF link at a distance of 3 miles (5 kilometers)? | | A. Minimum output power level of 2 W | | B. Grid antennas ateach endpoint | | C. A minimum antenna gain of 11 dBi at both endpoints | | D. A Fresnel Zone that is at least 60% clear of obstructions |
D. A Fresnel Zone that is at least 60% clear of obstructions
Explanation:
What is always required to establish a high quality 2.4 GHz RF link at a distance of 3 miles (5 kilometers) is a Fresnel Zone that is at least 60% clear of obstructions. The Fresnel Zone is an elliptical-shaped area around the line-of-sight path between two antennas that reflects and refracts the RF waves. The Fresnel Zone radius depends on the frequency of the RF signal and the distance between the antennas. For optimal performance, the Fresnel Zone should be at least 60% clear of any obstructions that may cause interference, attenuation, or multipath fading. The minimum output power level, antenna gain, and antenna type may vary depending on the environmental conditions and regulatory constraints, but they are not always required for a high quality RF link.
References: [CWNP Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: ExamCWNA-109], page 75; [CWNA: Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: ExamCWNA-109], page 65.
Question # 5
| What wireless networking term describes the increase of RF energy in an intentional direction with the use of an antenna? | | A. Directed Radiation | | B. Beam Digression | | C. Passive Gain | | D. Active Amplification |
C. Passive Gain
Explanation:
Passive Gain is the increase of RF energy in an intentional direction with the use of an antenna. It is achieved by focusing the same amount of power into a smaller area, resulting in a higher power density and a stronger signal. Passive Gain does not require any additional power or amplification, but rather depends on the antenna’s physical characteristics, such as size, shape, and orientation. Passive Gain is also expressed in decibels (dB) and is related to the antenna’s beamwidth and directivity. References: 1, Chapter 2, page 63; 2, Section 2.3
Question # 6
| What statement is true concerning the use of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) modulation method in IEEE 802.11 WLANs? | | A. OFDM implements BPSK modulation to allow for data rates up to 7 Gbps. | | B. OFDM was first introduced in 802.11a and is used by the ERP, HT and VHT PHYs as well. | | C. OFDM modulation is used only in 5 GHz 802.11 transmissions. | | D. OFDM was used by Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) PHY devices. |
B. OFDM was first introduced in 802.11a and is used by the ERP, HT and VHT PHYs as well.
Explanation:
OFDM is a modulation method that divides the channel bandwidth into multiple subcarriers, each carrying a single data symbol. This allows for higher data rates and more robust transmissions in multipath environments. OFDM was first introduced inthe 802.11a standard, which operates in the 5 GHz band and supports data rates up to 54 Mbps. Later, the 802.11g standard adopted OFDM for the 2.4 GHz band, and the 802.11n and 802.11ac standards enhanced OFDM with features such as MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output), channel bonding, and higher-order modulation schemes to achieve data rates up to 600 Mbps and 6.9 Gbps, respectively. These standards are collectively known as the ERP (Extended Rate PHY), HT (High Throughput), and VHT (Very High Throughput) PHYs .
References: [CWNA-109 Study Guide], Chapter 4: Radio Frequency Signal and Antenna Concepts, page 163; [CWNA-109Study Guide], Chapter 4: Radio Frequency Signal and Antenna Concepts, page 157.
Question # 7
| An RF signal sometimes bends as it passes through some material other than free space. What is the term that describes this behavior? | | A. Refraction | | B. Warping | | C. Scattering | | D. Reflection |
A. Refraction
Explanation:
Refraction is the bending of an RF signal as it passes through a medium with a different density than free space. This can cause the signal to change its direction and speed, which can affect the accuracy and reliability of wireless communication. Refraction is influenced by factors such as temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure12. References: CWNA-109 Study Guide, Chapter 2: Radio Frequency Fundamentals, page 72; CWNA-109Study Guide, Chapter 2: Radio Frequency Fundamentals, page 67.
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