Question # 1
You were previously onsite at XYZ’s facility to conduct a pre-deployment RF site survey. The WLAN has been deployed according to your recommendations and you are onsite again to perform a post-deployment validation survey.
When performing this type of post-deployment RF site survey voice over Wi-Fi, what is an action that must be performed? | A. Spectrum analysis to locate and identify RF interference sources. | B. Frequency-band hopping analysis to detect improper RF channel implementations. | C. Application analysis with an active phone call on an VoWiFi handset. | D. Protocol analysis to discover channel use on neighboring APs. |
C. Application analysis with an active phone call on an VoWiFi handset.
Explanation:
When performing a post-deployment validation survey for voice over Wi-Fi (VoWiFi), an action that must be performed is Application analysis with an active phone call on a VoWiFi handset. Application analysis is a method of testing the performance of a specific application over the WLAN by measuring parameters such as throughput, latency, jitter, packet loss, MOS score, and R-value. Application analysis with an active phone call on a VoWiFi handset can help to evaluate the quality of service (QoS) and user experience of VoWiFi calls over the WLAN. It can also help to identify any issues or bottlenecks that may affect VoWiFi calls such as interference, roaming delays, or insufficient coverage.
References: [CWNP Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: ExamCWNA-109], page 549; [CWNA: Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: ExamCWNA-109], page 519.
Question # 2
What frame type is used to reserve the wireless medium for the transmission of high data rate frames that may not be understood by all clients connected to the BSS? | A. RTS | B. ACK | C. Beacon | D. PS-Poll |
A. RTS
Explanation:
The frame type that is used to reserve the wireless medium for the transmission of high data rate frames that may not be understood by all clients connected to the BSS is RTS. RTS stands for Request to Send and is a control frame that is sent by a station to request access to the medium for a specified duration. The RTS frame contains the source and destination MAC addresses, as well as a Network Allocation Vector (NAV) value that indicates how long the medium will be occupied. The destination station responds with a Clear to Send (CTS) frame that echoes the NAV value and grants permission to the source station. All other stations in the BSS hear either the RTS or CTS frame and update their NAV timers accordingly, deferring their transmissions until the medium is free. The RTS/CTS mechanism can be used to prevent hidden node problems, reduce collisions, and protect high data rate frames that use features such as 802.11n or 802.11ac that may not be compatible with legacy stations. ACK, Beacon, and PS-Poll are not used to reserve the medium for high data rate frames.
References:
[CWNP Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: ExamCWNA-109], page 112; [CWNA: Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: ExamCWNA-109], page 102.
Question # 3
What is always required to establish a high quality 2.4 GHz RF link at a distance of 3 miles (5 kilometers)? | A. Minimum output power level of 2 W | B. Grid antennas ateach endpoint | C. A minimum antenna gain of 11 dBi at both endpoints | D. A Fresnel Zone that is at least 60% clear of obstructions |
D. A Fresnel Zone that is at least 60% clear of obstructions
Explanation:
What is always required to establish a high quality 2.4 GHz RF link at a distance of 3 miles (5 kilometers) is a Fresnel Zone that is at least 60% clear of obstructions. The Fresnel Zone is an elliptical-shaped area around the line-of-sight path between two antennas that reflects and refracts the RF waves. The Fresnel Zone radius depends on the frequency of the RF signal and the distance between the antennas. For optimal performance, the Fresnel Zone should be at least 60% clear of any obstructions that may cause interference, attenuation, or multipath fading. The minimum output power level, antenna gain, and antenna type may vary depending on the environmental conditions and regulatory constraints, but they are not always required for a high quality RF link.
References: [CWNP Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: ExamCWNA-109], page 75; [CWNA: Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: ExamCWNA-109], page 65.
Question # 4
When an ACK frame is not received by the transmitting STA, what is assumed? | A. The receiver processed the frame, but did not respond with an ACK frame because 802.11w is enabled | B. The frame was correctly delivered | C. The frame was not delivered and must be retransmitted | D. The receiver is offline |
C. The frame was not delivered and must be retransmitted
Explanation:
An ACK (Acknowledgement) frame is a short control frame that is sent by the receiver of a data or management frame to confirm that the frame was received correctly. The ACK frame is sent after a SIFS (Short Interframe Space) interval, which is the shortest time gap between frames in 802.11. If the transmitter does not receive an ACK frame within a specified time, it assumes that the frame was not delivered and must be retransmitted. This is part of the 802.11 reliability mechanism that ensures reliable data delivery over an unreliable wireless medium .
References: [CWNA-109 Study Guide], Chapter 5: IEEE 802.11 Medium Access, page 209; [CWNA-109Study Guide], Chapter 5: IEEE 802.11 Medium Access, page 203.
Question # 5
Which unit of measurement, as formally defined, is an absolute unit that is used to quantify received signal power levels on a logarithmic scale? | A. SNI | B. VSWR | C. dBm | D. dBi |
C. dBm
Explanation:
The unit of measurement that is an absolute unit and is used to quantify received signal power levels on a logarithmic scale is dBm. dBm stands for decibel-milliwatt and represents the power level relative to 1 milliwatt (mW). dBm is an absolute unit because it has a fixed reference point and does not depend on the input power level. dBm is used to measure the received signal power levels on a logarithmic scale because it can express large variations in power levels with small numbers and make calculations easier. For example, a 10 dB increase in power level means a 10-fold increase in power, and a 20 dB increase means a 100-fold increase in power.
References: [CWNP Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: ExamCWNA-109], page 66; [CWNA: Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: ExamCWNA-109], page 56.
Question # 6
What statement is true concerning the use of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) modulation method in IEEE 802.11 WLANs? | A. OFDM implements BPSK modulation to allow for data rates up to 7 Gbps. | B. OFDM was first introduced in 802.11a and is used by the ERP, HT and VHT PHYs as well. | C. OFDM modulation is used only in 5 GHz 802.11 transmissions. | D. OFDM was used by Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) PHY devices. |
B. OFDM was first introduced in 802.11a and is used by the ERP, HT and VHT PHYs as well.
Explanation:
OFDM is a modulation method that divides the channel bandwidth into multiple subcarriers, each carrying a single data symbol. This allows for higher data rates and more robust transmissions in multipath environments. OFDM was first introduced inthe 802.11a standard, which operates in the 5 GHz band and supports data rates up to 54 Mbps. Later, the 802.11g standard adopted OFDM for the 2.4 GHz band, and the 802.11n and 802.11ac standards enhanced OFDM with features such as MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output), channel bonding, and higher-order modulation schemes to achieve data rates up to 600 Mbps and 6.9 Gbps, respectively. These standards are collectively known as the ERP (Extended Rate PHY), HT (High Throughput), and VHT (Very High Throughput) PHYs .
References: [CWNA-109 Study Guide], Chapter 4: Radio Frequency Signal and Antenna Concepts, page 163; [CWNA-109Study Guide], Chapter 4: Radio Frequency Signal and Antenna Concepts, page 157.
Question # 7
An RF signal sometimes bends as it passes through some material other than free space. What is the term that describes this behavior? | A. Refraction | B. Warping | C. Scattering | D. Reflection |
A. Refraction
Explanation:
Refraction is the bending of an RF signal as it passes through a medium with a different density than free space. This can cause the signal to change its direction and speed, which can affect the accuracy and reliability of wireless communication. Refraction is influenced by factors such as temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure12. References: CWNA-109 Study Guide, Chapter 2: Radio Frequency Fundamentals, page 72; CWNA-109Study Guide, Chapter 2: Radio Frequency Fundamentals, page 67.
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